This would only be done through the use of artificial insemination, and for an entire cow herd, not just one lonely cow. One cow will be bred to one sire, another couple cows will be bred to another sire, etc.
if they didnt they would be extinct by now
No.
No, not usually.
Yes.
it is called serving
No ... cows can't survive underwater, and the octopus can't graze on land ...
Yes they do because all cows are girls and all bulls are boys
Cows can breed for as long as they are productive, which can range from one to 15 years or more.
yes all animals mate some can multiple times
Not quite; they have to give birth to a calf in order to lactate.
They can, however, this is an example of insest and the offspring will be at a higher risk for abnormalities.
Yes. A bull will mate with a cow more than once during her heat cycle if he is so inclined and if he has few other cows to mate with.