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Non-static members are only accessible by instantiating an object of the class. However, access to those members is determined by the access specifier applied to each member. Private members are visible to all instances of the class (including other instances) and to friends of the class. Protected members are the same as private members but are also visible to derived classes. Public members are unrestricted.
What else can I help you with?
How you declare class scoped variables and member functions?
To scope class members to the class (rather than to instances of the class), declare them as static members of the class. Static members are accessible even when no instances of the class exist. As such, static member functions do not have access to a 'this' pointer, unlike ordinary (nonstatic) member functions.
What are the application of this pointer can you use this pointer in friend function justify?
The this pointer can only be used within nonstatic member functions. Friend functions are not members so they have no access to a this pointer. However, you can pass a specific instance of a class to a function via a class reference argument. To understand how friendship works, first understand that a nonstatic member function has the following properties: 1. It has private access to the class. 2. It is scoped to the class. 3. It must be invoked upon an object of the class (has a this pointer). Static member functions have the first two properties while friend functions only have the first property.
Can a parent class access the functions of child class?
no, Parent class can not access the members of child class ,but child class can access members of parent class
How does a class in c plus plus enforce data encapsulation?
Data encapsulation is enforced by restricting access to the class members. Access can be specified on a per-member basis, defaulting to private access for a class and public access for a struct. Private members are accessible to class members and to friends of the class. Protected members are the same as private members but are also accessible to derived class members. Public members are fully-accessible. Data members are typically declared private while interfaces are typically declared public or protected.
Write down the various features of Nested class?
A nested class is a class defined within another class, and it can be categorized into static and non-static (inner) nested classes. Features of nested classes include encapsulation, as they can access the enclosing class's members, including private ones. They also help in logically grouping classes that are only used in one place, enhancing code readability and maintainability. Additionally, static nested classes do not require an instance of the enclosing class, while inner classes do.
Different access specifies in C plus plus?
Public members and methods of a class are universally accessible. Protected members and methods of a class are accessible to methods of instances of that class and its derived classes. Private members and methods of a class are accessible only to methods of instances of that class.Class A has three members: public_member, protected_member, and private_member, which have access corresponding to their names. Class A has access to all three. Class B, derived from class A, has access to public_member and protected_member, but not private_member. Unrelated class C has access only to public_member.
What is the use of public access specifier?
use of public access specifier iswe can access the class members(methods,variables) out side the class using class reference
A static method may not be overriden to be non static?
Static methods can refer to instance variables and methods, as long as they are static as well. The reason you cannot mix nonstatic and static class members is because they have different scope. Static members are independent of any particular object, whereas nonstatic members are unique for each object that is instantiated. To clarify, consider the following class:class A{int x=0;static int y=1;}If three instances of A are created, 3 instances of x will also be created. Changing one of those x's has no effect on the others. However, only one instance of y will be created, regardless of how many A's are ever created. A change in y will be reflected in every A.Now, if you were to call A.y+=x, which x would you be referring to? 3 A's have been created, each with possibly different values of x. Because of the ambiguity of this, you will get a compiler error whenever you mix static and nonstatic members.
What is meant by private access in c plus plus?
It isn't. Private is the default access for class members. For struct members, the default access is public. Aside from default access, a class and a struct serve the same purpose; to define a class. As such, the following class definitions are equivalent: class X { int a; }; struct Y { private: int b; }; Typically, we use a struct to define simple data types with trivial construction and use class for more complex data types, often to encapsulate an invariant or to acquire a resource, hiding the implementation details from consumers using private access.
Difference bitween various visibility modes used c plus plus?
By visibility I assume you mean member accessibility. C++ uses three levels of accessibility: private, protected and public. Private members are only accessible to the class itself and friends of the class. Protected members are the same as private members except derived classes also have access. Public members are fully accessible. With regards inheritance, base class members with greater access than that specified are reduced to the specified access in the derived class. Thus public inheritance has no effect on base class member access. Protected inheritance reduces public members of the base class to protected members of the derived class. Private inheritance reduces both public and protected members of the base class to private members of the derived class. Private members of the base class are never inherited, thus they always remain private to the base class. Note that access to base class members can never be increased through inheritance, only reduced or kept the same. However, as well as defining an overall inheritance access, you can also specify member-wise inheritance access. Thus you could use public inheritance overall, but specify certain public members of the base class to be protected or private in the derived class and/or certain protected members of the base class to be private members of the derived class.
What was the main difference between members of the middle class and members of the lower class?
Access to education, often laws were overlooked by the bourgoisie
What do you understand by a Nested Class?
A nested class is a class that is declared within the scope of another class, the enclosing or outer class. class A // enclosing class { public: class B {}; // nested class }; Note that although class B is declared public in this example, keep in mind that it is still scoped to class A. Therefore the following code will fail to compile: int main() { B b; // Compiler error! } Instead, you must use scope resolution: int main() { A::B b; // OK } If class B were declared private to class A, then only class A and friends of class A have access to class A::B. If declared protected, accessibility extends to derivatives of class A. Nested classes may also inherit from other nested classes within the same enclosing class. class A { class B {}; class C : public class B {}; }; Keep in mind that nested classes are scoped to the enclosing class and are primarily used to reduce the visibility of the nested class, particularly when combined with private or protected access. When you have a class that is only of relevance to the enclosing class, this makes perfect sense. However, if the nested class is declared public, you have the option of using an embedded object or a nested class. But the point of scope resolution is in order to reduce the chances of programmer errors, particularly when using two or more classes with the same name but with different implementations.
