There are comets around all the time. In order to have this much of a cataclysmic effect, it would need to pass very close to the earth, if not hit it entirely. At the moment, we do not know of any comets on this trajectory.
No. The only way a comet could cause a catastrophe would be if it collided with Earth. The orbit of Halley's Comet keeps it at a safe distance from us.
Halley's Comet
Not directly, but as a comet approaches the sun, which is one big fusion reactor, the heat will cause the surface of the comet to vaporize, forming the comet's tail.
cause it gets to close to the sun
When it is from very far away, nothing. But when a comet approaches the inner Solar System,solar radiation causes the volatile materials within the comet to vaporize and stream out of the nucleus, carrying dust away with them. That is what we call the 'tail' of a comet.
When a comet nears the sun, and begins to out-gas, solar wind pushes the particles away. as the comet nears the sun, more & more particles are emitted, and the tail grows.
A shooting star, which is within the Earth's atmosphere.
long period comet
No, that hypothesis has not been proposed within mainstream science.
The original of our solar system could be locked within a comet.
our earth would be then fried, becasue the orbit of a comet orbits around the sun which cause the comet to be insanely high. which in one case would fry our earth if our orbit was near the sun
That's a nonperiodic comet, meaning it won't come back any time soon. It is hard to determine the exact period of such comets.