While 7 is pushing the upper limits, the main concern should be "what will the outlets be running?
If you're putting a freezer out there, it should probably be on a separate circuit.
If you'll be running any high amperage equipment; again, put it on a separate circuit.
16 outlets or 80% of the total Amperage of the circuit.
No, it can be on a circuit with conventional outlets.
Can the outlets in a circuit be arranged in different groups to obtain the same result? Why?
Two 20 Amp circuits with the outlets staggered so a different circuit is on two adjacent outlets. Should be GFCI protected.
Outlets are part of a "branch" circuit.
A "dedicated" circuit is one to which only one device is or can be connected; therefore the circuit is "dedicated" to the device. A NON dedicated circuit will therefore be one to which multiple devices can connect, such as the wall outlets in your home. Multiple wall outlets are connected to a common circuit breaker, making that an example of a non-dedicated circuit.
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7 on a 15 amp circuit and 9 on a 20 amp circuit.
No more than 13.
Don't know what you mean by back wire, but most GFCI outlets have a circuit to attach additional outlets that will be protected by the GFCI. Keep total load in minds.
Assuming this is not an office of a place where lots of the outlets will be used to power items that draw lots of current on a 15 amp circuit wired with 14/2 wire I would limit it to no more than 10 outlets and lights combined. On a 20 amp circuit wired with 12/2 wire I would limit it to a 14 outlets and lights combined. There is no limit in the code. You just use common sense based on what is going to be used on this circuit.