Ambiguous genitalia

Answer 1

Definition

Ambiguous genitalia is a birth defect where the outer genitals do not have the typical appearance of either a boy or a girl.

See also: Genetics

Alternative Names

Genitals - ambiguous

Considerations

The genetic sex of a child is determined at conception. The mother's egg cell (ovum) contains an X chromosome, while the father's sperm cell contains either an X or a Y chromosome. These X and Y chromosomes determine the child's genetic sex.

Normally, an infant inherits one pair of sex chromosomes -- one X from the mother and one X or one Y from the father. Thus, it is the father who "determines" the genetic sex of the child. A baby who inherits the X chromosome from the father is a genetic female (two X chromosomes). A baby who inherits the Y chromosome from the father is a genetic male (one X and one Y chromosome). The male and female reproductive organs and genitals both arise from the same tissue in the fetus.

If the process that causes this fetal tissue to become "male" or "female" is disrupted, ambiguous genitalia can develop. This genitalia makes it difficult to classify the infant as male or female. The extent of the ambiguity varies. In very rare instances, the physical appearance may be fully developed as the opposite of the genetic sex. For example, a genetic male may have developed the appearance of a normal female.

Typically, ambiguous genitalia in genetic females (babies with two X chromosomes) has the following features:

• An enlarged clitoris that has the appearance of a small penis.
• The urethral opening (where urine comes out) can be anywhere along, above, or below the surface of the clitoris.
• The labia may be fused, resembling a scrotum.
• The infant may be thought to be a male with undescended testicles.
• Sometimes a lump of tissue is felt within the fused labia, further making it look like a scrotum with testicles.

In a genetic male (one X and one Y chromosome), ambiguous genitalia typically include the following features:

• A small penis (less than 2-3 centimeters or 0.8-1.2 inches) that resemble an enlarged clitoris (the clitoris of a newborn female is normally somewhat enlarged at birth).
• The urethral opening may be anywhere along, above, or below the penis; it can be placed as low as on the peritoneum, further making the infant appear to be female.
• There may be a small scrotum with any degree of separation, resembling labia.
• Undescended testicles commonly accompany ambiguous genitalia.

Ambiguous genitalia is usually not life threatening (see Causes section for exceptions ), but can create social problems for the child and the family. For this reason, a team of experienced specialists, including neonatologists, geneticists, endocrinologists, and psychiatrists or social workers will be involved.

Common Causes

• Pseudohermaphroditism. The genitalia are of one sex, but some physical characteristics of the other sex are present.
• True hermaphrodism. A very rare condition in which both ovarian and testicular tissue is present. The child may have parts of both male and female genitalia.
• Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD). An intersex condition in which there appears some male structures (gonad, testis), as well as a uterus, vagina, and fallopian tubes.
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This condition has several forms, but the most common form causes the genetic female to appear male. Many states test for this potentially life-threatening condition during newborn screening exams.
• Chromosomal abnormalities, includingKlinefelter's syndrome(XXY) andTurner's syndrome (XO).
• Maternal ingestion of certain medications (particularly androgenic steroids) may make a genetic female look more male
• Lack of production of specific hormones can cause the embryo to develop with a female body type regardless of genetic sex
• Lack of testosterone cellular receptors. So even if the body makes the hormones needed to develop into a physical male, the body is unable to respond to those hormones, and therefore, a female body-type is the result even if the genetic sex is male.

Home Care

Because of the potential social and psychological effects of this condition, the decision to raise the child as male or female should be made early after diagnosis, preferably within the first few days of the infant's life.

Call your health care provider if

• You are concerned about the appearance of your child's external genitalia.
• Your baby takes more than 2 weeks to regain his/her birthweight, is vomiting, looks dehydrated (dry inside of mouth, no tears when crying, less than 4 wet diapers per 24 hours, eyes look sunken in), has decreased appetite, has blue spells, or has trouble breathing (these can all be signs of congenital adrenal hyperplasia).

Ambiguous genitalia may be discovered during the first well-baby examination.

What to expect at your health care provider's office

The doctor will perform a physical examination, which may reveal a genital structure that is not "typical male" or "typical female," but somewhere in between.

The doctor will ask medical history questions to help identify any chromosomal disorders. Questions may include:

• Is there any family history of miscarriage?
• Is there any family history of stillbirth?
• Is there any family history of early death?
• Have any family members had infants who died in the first few weeks of life or who had ambiguous genitalia?
• Is there any family history of any of the disorders that cause ambiguous genitalia?
• What medications did the mother take before or during pregnancy (especially steroids)?
• What other symptoms are present?

Genetic testing can determine if the child is a genetic male or female. Often a small sample of cells can be scraped from inside the cheeks (this is called a buccal smear); examination of these cells is often sufficient to determine the genetic sex of the infant. Chromosomal analysis is a more extensive cell study that may be needed in more questionable cases.

Endoscopy, abdominal x-ray, abdominal or pelvic ultrasound, and similar tests may be needed to determine the presence or absence of internal genital structures (such as undescended testes).

Laboratory tests may help determine the functioning of reproductive structures, including tests for 17-ketosteroids.

In some cases, laparoscopy, exploratory laparotomy, or biopsy of the gonads may be necessary to confirm disorders associated with ambiguous genitalia.

Depending on the cause, surgery, hormone replacement, or other treatments are used to treat conditions associated with ambiguous genitalia.

Sometimes, the ambiguity is such that a choice must be made whether to raise the child as male or female (regardless of the child's chromosomes). This choice can have tremendous social and psychological impact on the child, so counseling is usually recommended.

Note: It is often technically easier to treat (and therefore raise) the child as female (it is easier for a surgeon to make female genitalia than it is to make male genitalia), so in some cases this is recommended even if the child is genetically male. However, this is a difficult decision and should be discussed with your family, your doctor, and the surgeon involved.

References

Diamond DA. Sexual differentiation: Normal and abnormal. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 128.

Answer 2

Definition

Ambiguous genitalia is a birth defect where the outer genitals do not have the typical appearance of either a boy or a girl.

See also: Genetics

Alternative Names

Genitals - ambiguous

Considerations

The genetic sex of a child is determined at conception. The mother's egg cell (ovum) contains an X chromosome, while the father's sperm cell contains either an X or a Y chromosome. These X and Y chromosomes determine the child's genetic sex.

Normally, an infant inherits one pair of sex chromosomes -- one X from the mother and one X or one Y from the father. The father "determines" the genetic sex of the child. A baby who inherits the X chromosome from the father is a genetic female (two X chromosomes). A baby who inherits the Y chromosome from the father is a genetic male (one X and one Y chromosome). The male and female reproductive organs and genitals both come from the same tissue in the fetus.

If the process that causes this fetal tissue to become "male" or "female" is disrupted, ambiguous genitalia can develop. This genitalia makes it difficult to classify the infant as male or female. In very rare instances, the physical appearance may be the opposite of the genetic sex. For example, a genetic male may have the appearance of a normal female.

Usually, ambiguous genitalia in genetic females (babies with two X chromosomes) has the following features:

• An enlarged clitoris that looks like a small penis.
• The urethral opening (where urine comes out) can be along, above, or below the surface of the clitoris.
• The labia may look like a scrotum.
• The infant may be thought to be a male with undescended testicles.
• Sometimes a lump of tissue is felt in the labia, further making it look like a scrotum with testicles.

In a genetic male (one X and one Y chromosome), ambiguous genitalia usually include the following features:

• A small penis (less than 2-3 centimeters or 0.8-1.2 inches) that looks like an enlarged clitoris (the clitoris of a newborn female is normally somewhat enlarged at birth).
• The urethral opening may be along, above, or below the penis; it can be as low as on the peritoneum, further making the infant appear to be female.
• There may be a small scrotum that is separated and looks like labia.
• Undescended testicles commonly occur with ambiguous genitalia.

Ambiguous genitalia is usually not life threatening, but it can create social problems for the child and family. For this reason, a team of experienced specialists, including neonatologists, geneticists, endocrinologists, and psychiatrists or social workers will be involved in the child's care.

Common Causes

• Pseudohermaphroditism. The genitalia are of one sex, but some physical characteristics of the other sex are present.
• True hermaphrodism. A very rare condition in which tissue from both the ovaries and testicles is present. The child may have parts of both male and female genitals.
• Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD). An intersex condition in which there are some male structures (gonad, testis), as well as a uterus, vagina, and fallopian tubes.
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This condition has several forms, but the most common form causes the genetic female to appear male. Many states test for this potentially life-threatening condition during newborn screening exams.
• Chromosomal abnormalities, including Klinefelter's syndrome(XXY) and Turner's syndrome (XO).
• If the mother takes certain medications (such as androgenic steroids), they may make a genetic female look more male
• Lack of production of certain hormones can cause the embryo to develop with a female body type, regardless of genetic sex
• Lack of testosterone cellular receptors. Even if the body makes the hormones needed to develop into a physical male, the body cannot respond to those hormones. This produces a female body-type, even if the genetic sex is male.

Call your health care provider if

You are concerned about the appearance of your child's external genitalia, or your baby:

• Takes more than 2 weeks to regain his/her birthweight
• Is vomiting
• Looks dehydrated (dry inside of mouth, no tears when crying, less than four wet diapers per 24 hours, eyes look sunken in)
• Has a decreased appetite
• Has blue spells
• Has trouble breathing

Ambiguous genitalia may be discovered during the first well-baby examination.

What to expect at your health care provider's office

The doctor will perform a physical examination, which may reveal genitals that are not "typical male" or "typical female," but somewhere in between.

The doctor will ask medical history questions to help identify any chromosomal disorders. Questions may include:

• Is there any family history of miscarriage?
• Is there any family history of stillbirth?
• Is there any family history of early death?
• Have any family members had infants who died in the first few weeks of life or who had ambiguous genitalia?
• Is there any family history of any of the disorders that cause ambiguous genitalia?
• What medications did the mother take before or during pregnancy (especially steroids)?
• What other symptoms are present?

Genetic testing can determine if the child is a genetic male or female. Often a small sample of cells can be scraped from inside the cheeks (this is called a buccal smear). Examining these cells is often enough to determine the genetic sex of the infant. Chromosomal analysis is a more extensive cell study that may be needed in more questionable cases.

Endoscopy, abdominal x-ray, abdominal or pelvic ultrasound, and similar tests may be needed to look at the internal genitals (such as undescended testes).

Laboratory tests may help determine how well the reproductive organs are functioning. This can include tests for 17-ketosteroids.

In some cases, laparoscopy, exploratory laparotomy, or biopsy may be needed to confirm disorders that can cause ambiguous genitalia.

Depending on the cause, surgery, hormone replacement, or other treatments are used to treat conditions that can cause ambiguous genitalia.

Sometimes, the parents must choose whether to raise the child as male or female (regardless of the child's chromosomes). This choice can have a big social and psychological impact on the child, so counseling is usually recommended.

Note: It is often technically easier to treat (and therefore raise) the child as female (it is easier for a surgeon to make female genitalia than it is to make male genitalia), so in some cases this is recommended even if the child is genetically male. However, this is a difficult decision and should be discussed with your family, your doctor, and the surgeon involved.

References

Diamond DA. Sexual differentiation: Normal and abnormal. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 128.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 05/01/2011

Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.