Anorchia

Answer 1

Definition

Anorchia is the absence of both testes at birth.

Alternative Names

Vanishing testes - anorchia; Empty scrotum - anorchia; Scrotum - empty (anorchia)

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

In the first several weeks after the egg is fertilized, the embryo develops early sex organs. In the male, if the early testes fail to develop before 8 weeks into the pregnancy, the baby will have female genitals.

If the testes are lost between 8 and 10 weeks, the baby will be born with ambiguous genitalia. This means the child will have parts of both male and female genitals.

However, if the testes are lost after the time when the male genitals differentiate (between 12 and 14 weeks), the baby will have normal male genitals (penis and scrotum), but no testes. This is known as congenital anorchia, or the "vanishing testes syndrome."

The cause is unknown, but in some cases there are genetic factors.

Symptoms

• Normal outside genitals before puberty
• Failure to start puberty at the correct time and lack of secondary sex characteristics (penis and pubic hair growth, deepening of the voice, and increase in muscle mass)

Signs and tests

Signs include:

• Empty scrotum
• Lack of secondary sex characteristics

Tests include:

• Anti-Mullerian hormone levels
• Bone density
• FSH and LH levels
• Surgery to look for male reproductive tissue
• Testosterone levels (low)
• Ultrasound or MRI
• X,Y karyotype

Treatment

Treatment includes:

• Artificial (prosthetic) testicle implants
• Male hormones (androgens)
• Psychological support

Expectations (prognosis)

The outlook is good with treatment.

Complications

Complications include:

• Face, neck, or back abnormalities (occasionally)
• Infertility
• Psychological problems due to gender

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if your male child appears to have extremely small or absent testicles or does not appear to be entering puberty during his early teens.

References

Rapaport R. Hypofunction of the testes. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 584.

Sigman M, Jarrow JP. Male infertility. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 19.

Answer 2

Definition

Anorchia is the absence of both testes at birth.

Alternative Names

Vanishing testes - anorchia; Empty scrotum - anorchia; Scrotum - empty (anorchia)

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

In the first several weeks after the egg is fertilized, the embryo develops early sex organs. In the male, if the early testes fail to develop before 8 weeks into the pregnancy, the baby will have female genitals.

If the testes are lost between 8 and 10 weeks, the baby will be born with ambiguous genitalia. This means the child will have parts of both male and female genitals.

However, if the testes are lost after the time when the male genitals differentiate (between 12 and 14 weeks), the baby will have normal male genitals (penis and scrotum), but no testes. This is known as congenital anorchia, or the "vanishing testes syndrome."

The cause is unknown, but in some cases there are genetic factors.

Symptoms

• Normal outside genitals before puberty
• Failure to start puberty at the correct time and lack of secondary sex characteristics (penis and pubic hair growth, deepening of the voice, and increase in muscle mass)

Signs and tests

Signs include:

• Empty scrotum
• Lack of secondary sex characteristics

Tests include:

• Anti-Mullerian hormone levels
• Bone density
• FSH and LH levels
• Surgery to look for male reproductive tissue
• Testosterone levels (low)
• Ultrasound or MRI
• X,Y karyotype

Treatment

Treatment includes:

• Artificial (prosthetic) testicle implants
• Male hormones (androgens)
• Psychological support

Expectations (prognosis)

The outlook is good with treatment.

Complications

Complications include:

• Face, neck, or back abnormalities (occasionally)
• Infertility
• Psychological problems due to gender

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if your male child appears to have extremely small or absent testicles or does not appear to be entering puberty during his early teens.

References

Lambert SM, Vilain EJ, Kolon TF. A practical approach to ambiguous genitalia in the newborn period. Urol Clin North Am. 2010 May;37(2):195-205.

Achermann JC, Hughes JA. Disorders of sex development. In: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:chap 22.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 09/03/2010

Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; Scott Miller, MD, Urologist in private practice in Atlanta, Georgia. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.