Fluoride in diet

Answer 1

Definition

Fluoride occurs naturally in the body as calcium fluoride. Calcium fluoride is mostly found in the bones and teeth.

Alternative Names

Diet - fluoride

Function

Small amounts of fluoride help reduce tooth decay. Fluoridation of tap water helps reduce cavities in children by 50 - 60%. Fluorides also help maintain bone structure. Low doses of fluoride salts may be used to treat conditions that cause faster-than-normal bone loss, such as menopause.

Food Sources

Fluoridated water, and food prepared in fluoridated water, contains fluoride. Natural sodium fluoride is in the ocean, so most seafood contains fluoride. Tea and Gelatin also contain fluoride.

Side Effects

Fluoride deficiency may appear in the form of increased cavities, and weak bones and teeth. Fluoride supplementation is necessary to prevent cavities, especially in children, if tap water is not fluoridated. As an example, well water is not fluoridated.

Excess fluoride in the diet is extremely rare.

Recommendations

The Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine recommends the following dietary intake for fluoride:

Infants

• 0 - 6 months: 0.01 milligrams per day (mg/day)
• 7 - 12 months: 0.5 mg/day

Children

• 1 - 3 years: 0.7 mg/day
• 4 - 8 years: 1.0 mg/day
• 9 - 13 years: 2.0 mg/day

Adolescents and Adults

• Males age 14 to 18 years: 3.0 mg/day
• Males over 18 years: 4.0 mg/day
• Females over 14 years: 3.0 mg/day

The best way to get the daily requirement of essential vitamins is to eat a balanced diet that contains a variety of foods from the food guide pyramid.

Specific recommendations depend on age and gender, Ask your health care provider which amount is best for you.

References

Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1997.

Hamrick I, Counts SH. Vitamin and mineral supplements. Wellness and Prevention. December 2008:35(4);729-747.

Mason, MB. Vitamins, trace minerals, and other micronutrients. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 237.

Answer 2

Definition

Fluoride occurs naturally in the body as calcium fluoride. Calcium fluoride is mostly found in the bones and teeth.

Alternative Names

Diet - fluoride

Function

Small amounts of fluoride help reduce tooth decay. Adding fluoride to tap water (called fluoridation) helps reduce cavities in children by more than half.

Fluorides also help maintain bone structure. Low doses of fluoride salts may be used to treat conditions that cause faster-than-normal bone loss, such as menopause.

Food Sources

Fluoridated water is found in most community water systems. (Well water often does not contain enough fluoride.)

Food prepared in fluoridated water contains fluoride. Natural sodium fluoride is in the ocean, so most seafood contains fluoride. Tea and gelatin also contain fluoride.

Infants get fluoride through drinking breast milk or infant formulas.

Side Effects

A lack (deficiency) of fluoride may lead to increased cavities, and weak bones and teeth.

Too much fluoride in the diet is very rare. Rarely, infants who get too much fluoride before their teeth have broken through the gums have changes in the enamel that covers the teeth. Faint white lines or streaks may appear, but they are usually not easy to see.

Recommendations

The Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine recommends the following dietary intake for fluoride:

Infants

• 0 - 6 months: 0.01 milligrams per day (mg/day)
• 7 - 12 months: 0.5 mg/day

Children

• 1 - 3 years: 0.7 mg/day
• 4 - 8 years: 1.0 mg/day
• 9 - 13 years: 2.0 mg/day

Adolescents and Adults

• Males ages 14 to 18 years: 3.0 mg/day
• Males over 18 years: 4.0 mg/day
• Females over 14 years: 3.0 mg/day

The best way to get the daily requirement of essential vitamins is to eat a balanced diet that contains a variety of foods from the food guide plate.

Specific recommendations depend on age and gender, Ask your health care provider which amount is best for you.

To help make sure infants and children do not get too much fluoride:

• Ask your health care provider about the type of water to use in concentrated or powdered formulas.
• Do not use any fluoride supplement without talking to your health care provider.
• Avoid using fluoride toothpaste in infants younger than 2 years.
• Use only a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste in children older than 2 years.
• Avoid fluoride mouth rinses in children younger than 6 years.

References

Hamrick I, Counts SH. Vitamin and mineral supplements. Wellness and Prevention. December 2008:35(4);729-747.

ADA Division of Communications. For the dental patient: infants, formula and fluoride. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007; 138(1):132.

Berg J, Gerweck C, Hujoel PP, King R, Krol DM, Kumar J, et al. American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs Expert Panel on Fluoride Intake. From infant formula and fluorisis. Evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding fluoride intake from reconstituted infant formula and enamel fluorosis: a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011; 142(1):79-87.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 06/14/2011

A.D.A.M. Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by Jeffrey Heit, MD, Internist with special emphasis on preventive health, fitness and nutrition, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network (3/22/2011).