Pressure ulcer

Answer 1

Definition

A pressure ulcer is an area of skin that breaks down when you stay in one position for too long without shifting your weight. This often happens if you use a wheelchair or you are bedridden, even for a short period of time (for example, after surgery or an injury). The constant pressure against the skin reduces the blood supply to that area, and the affected tissue dies.

A pressure ulcer starts as reddened skin but gets progressively worse, forming a blister, then an open sore, and finally a crater. The most common places for pressure ulcers are over bony prominences (bones close to the skin) like the elbow, heels, hips, ankles, shoulders, back, and the back of the head.

Alternative Names

Bedsore; Decubitus ulcer

Causes

These factors increase the risk for pressure ulcers:

• Being bedridden or in a wheelchair
• Fragile skin
• Having a chronic condition, such as Diabetes or vascular disease, that prevents areas of the body from receiving proper blood flow
• Inability to move certain parts of your body without assistance, such as after spinal or brain injury or if you have a neuromuscular disease (like multiple sclerosis)
• Malnourishment
• Mental disability from conditions such as Alzheimer's disease -- the patient may not be able to properly prevent or treat pressure ulcers
• Older age
• Urinary incontinence or bowel incontinence

Symptoms

Pressure sores are categorized by severity, from Stage I (earliest signs) to Stage IV (worst):

• Stage I: A reddened area on the skin that, when pressed, is "nonblanchable" (does not turn white). This indicates that a pressure ulcer is starting to develop.
• Stage II: The skin blisters or forms an open sore. The area around the sore may be red and irritated.
• Stage III: The skin breakdown now looks like a crater where there is damage to the tissue below the skin.
• Stage IV: The pressure ulcer has become so deep that there is damage to the muscle and bone, and sometimes tendons and joints.

First Aid

Any new or changing pressure sore should be discussed with your doctor or nurse. Once a pressure ulcer is identified, steps must be taken immediately:

• Relieve the pressure on that area. Use pillows, special foam cushions, and sheepskin to reduce the pressure.
• Treat the sore based on the stage of the ulcer. Your health care provider will give you specific treatment and care instructions.
• Avoid further trauma or friction. Powder the sheets lightly to decrease friction in bed. (There are many items made specifically for this purpose -- check a medical supplies store.)
• Improve nutrition and other underlying problems that may affect the healing process.
• If the pressure ulcer is at Stage II or worse, your health care provider will give you specific instructions on how to clean and care for open ulcers. It is very important to do this properly to prevent infection.
• Keep the area clean and free of dead tissue. Your health care provider will give you specific care directions. Generally, pressure ulcers are rinsed with a salt-water rinse to remove loose, dead tissue. The sore should be covered with special gauze dressing made for pressure ulcers.
• New medicines that promote skin healing are now available and may be prescribed by your doctor.

Do Not

• Do NOT massage the area of the ulcer. Massage can damage tissue under the skin.
• Donut-shaped or ring-shaped cushions are NOT recommended. They interfere with blood flow to that area and cause complications.

Call immediately for emergency medical assistance if

Contact your health care provider if an area of the skin blisters or forms an open sore. Contact the provider immediately if there are any signs of an infection. An infection can spread to the rest of the body and cause serious problems. Signs of an infected ulcer include:

• A foul odor from the ulcer
• Redness and tenderness around the ulcer
• Skin close to the ulcer is warm and swollen

Fever, weakness, and confusion are signs that the infection may have spread to the blood or elsewhere in the body.

Prevention

If bedridden or immobile due to diabetes, circulation problems, incontinence, or mental disabilities, you should be checked for pressure sores every day. You, or your caregiver, need to check your body from head to toe. Pay special attention to the areas where pressure ulcers often form. Look for reddened areas that, when pressed, do not turn white. Also look for blisters, sores, or craters. In addition, take the following steps:

• Change position at least every 2 hours to relieve pressure.
• Use items that can help reduce pressure -- pillows, sheepskin, foam padding, and powders from medical supply stores.
• Eat healthy, well-balanced meals that contain enough calories to keep you healthy.
• Drink plenty of water (8 to 10 cups) every day.
• Exercise daily, including range-of-motion exercises for immobile patients.
• Keep skin clean and dry.
• After urinating or having a bowel movement, clean the area and dry it well. A doctor can recommend creams to help protect the skin.

References

Fonder MA, Lazarus GS, Cowan DA, Aronson-Cook B, Kohli AR, Mamelak AJ. Treating the chronic wound: a practical approach to the care of nonhealing wounds and wound care dressings. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(2):185-206.

Bluestein D, Javaheri A. Pressure ulcers: prevention, evaluation, and management. Am Fam Physician. 2008;78(10):1186-1194.

Answer 2

Definition

A pressure ulcer is an area of skin that breaks down when something keeps rubbing or pressing against the skin.

Alternative Names

Bedsore; Decubitus ulcer

Causes

Pressure on the skin reduces blood flow to the area. Without enough blood, the skin can die. An ulcer may form.

You are more likely to get a pressure ulcer if you:

• Use a wheelchair or stay in bed for a long time
• Are an older adult
• Cannot move certain parts of your body without help because of a spine or brain injury or disease such as multiple sclerosis
• Have a disease that affects blood flow, including diabetes or vascular disease
• Have Alzheimer's disease or another condition that affects your mental status
• Have fragile skin
• Have urinary incontinence or bowel incontinence
• Do not get enough nutrition (malnourishment)

Symptoms

Symptoms of a pressure ulcer are:

• Red skin that gets worse over time
• The area forms a blister, then an open sore

Pressure sores most commonly occur on the

• Elbow
• Hips
• Heels
• Ankles
• Shoulders
• Back
• Back of head

Pressure sores are grouped by their severity. Stage I is the earliest stage. Stage IV is the worst.

• Stage I: A reddened area on the skin that, when pressed, does not turn white. This is a sign that a pressure ulcer is starting to develop.
• Stage II: The skin blisters or forms an open sore. The area around the sore may be red and irritated.
• Stage III: The skin now develops an open, sunken hole called a crater. There is damage to the tissue below the skin.
• Stage IV: The pressure ulcer has become so deep that there is damage to the muscle and bone, and sometimes to tendons and joints.

First Aid

If you have a pressure ulcer:

• Relieve the pressure on that area. Use pillows, special foam cushions, and sheepskin to reduce the pressure.
• Treat the sore as directed by your doctor or nurse.
• Avoid further injury or friction to the area. Powder the sheets lightly so your skin doesn't rub on them in bed. (There are many items made for this. Check a medical supplies store.)
• Eat healthy foods. Bad nutrition may affect the healing process.
• Clean the ulcer the way your doctor or nurse told you to. It is very important to do this properly to prevent infection.
• Generally, pressure ulcers are rinsed with a salt-water rinse to remove loose, dead tissue. The sore should be covered with special gauze dressing made for pressure ulcers.
• New medicines that promote skin healing are available and may be prescribed by your doctor.

If the pressure ulcer changes or you get a new one, tell your doctor or nurse.

Do Not

• Do NOT massage the skin near or on the ulcer. It can cause more skin damage.
• Do NOT use a donut-shaped or ring-shaped cushions. They interfere with blood flow to that area and cause complications.

Call immediately for emergency medical assistance if

Call your doctor or nurse if you develop blisters or an open sore.

Call immediately if there are signs of infection. Signs include:

• A foul odor from the ulcer
• Pus coming out of the ulcer
• Redness and tenderness around the ulcer
• Skin close to the ulcer is warm and swollen

An infection can spread to the rest of the body and cause serious problems. Signs that the infection may have spread to the blood can include fever, weakness, and confusion.

Prevention

If you are on bedrest or cannot move because of a medical condition, someone should check you for pressure sores every day.

You or your caregiver should examine your body from head to toe. Pay special attention to the areas where pressure ulcers often form. Look for reddened areas that, when pressed, do not turn white. Also look for blisters, sores, or craters.

Take the following steps to prevent pressure ulcers:

• Change position at least every 2 hours to relieve pressure.
• Use items that can help reduce pressure -- pillows, sheepskin, foam padding, and powders from medical supply stores.
• Eat well-balanced meals that contain enough calories to keep you healthy.
• Drink plenty of water (8 to 10 cups) every day.
• Exercise daily, including range-of-motion exercises.
• Keep the skin clean and dry.
• After urinating or having a bowel movement, clean the area and dry it well. A doctor can recommend creams to help protect the skin.

References

Fonder MA, Lazarus GS, Cowan DA, Aronson-Cook B, Kohli AR, Mamelak AJ. Treating the chronic wound: a practical approach to the care of nonhealing wounds and wound care dressings. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(2):185-206.

Bluestein D, Javaheri A. Pressure ulcers: prevention, evaluation, and management. Am Fam Physician. 2008;78(10):1186-1194.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 11/22/2011

Kevin Berman, MD, PhD, Atlanta Center for Dermatologic Disease, Atlanta, GA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.