Does a company whose current liabilities exceed its current assets have a liquidity problem?

How do you calculae total assets using current liabilities and the current ratio?

I am not sure if you can get total assets using the "current liabilities" and "current ratio" however, you can reverse the problem (formula) and get the current assets. Say your company has 40M in current assets and 20M in current liabilities to get the current ratio, we take 40M (current assets) / 20M (current liabilities) = 2.0 (current ratio) if we leave out the current assets we can take 20M (current liabilities) * 2.0 (current ratio) = 40M (current assets) Let's do a couple more to prove the formula. 80M (ca)/25M (cl) = 3.2 (cr) 25M (cl) * 3.2 (cr) = 80M (ca) 33M (ca) / 11M (cl) = 3.0 (cr) 11M (cl) * 3.0 (cr) = 33M (ca) M = Millions ca = current assets cl - current liabilities cr - current ratio

SDJ Inc has net working capital of 1410 current liabilities of 5810 and inventory of 1315 What is the current ratio what is the quick ratio?

I will not actually work the problem for you, however, I will give you the formula to find the current ratio and the quick ratio. Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities The quick Ratio is Quick ratio = (current assets - inventories) / current liabilities Use the numbers you provided above to fill in the blanks and you should get the current ratios and quick ratios with no problem. / = divided by

Why are liquidity ratios important in bank lending?

Businesses use a variety of performance evaluation measures to analyze the results of their actions. Investors perform a variety of calculations to review the actions of a particular company. Both company management and investors spend time focusing on the company's "liquidity." Liquidity considers the company's ability to pay its current obligations and its cash levels. Certain financial ratios provide important information regarding a company's liquidity.In general, the greater the coverage of liquid assets to short-term liabilities, the more likely it is that a business will be able to pay debts as they become due while still funding ongoing operations. On the other hand, a company with a low liquidity ratio might have difficulty meeting obligations while funding vital ongoing business operations.Liquidity ratios are sometimes requested by banks when they are evaluating a loan application. If you take out a loan, the lender may require you to maintain a certain minimum liquidity ratio, as part of the loan agreement. For that reason, steps to improve your liquidity ratios are sometimes necessary.When analyzing the financial health of a firm there is four different groups of ratios that the analyst will consider. The groups are liquidity ratios, financial leverage ratios, efficiency ratios, and profitability ratios. In analyzing liquidity ratios, how they are defined and who uses them will be discussed. Problems associated with liquidity ratios will be addressed along with adjustments that are to be made to these ratios. Analysts will then be able to make correct assumptions about the liquidity of a firm.The most used liquidity ratios are: ratios concerning receivables, inventory, working capital, current ratio, and acid test ratio. Other ratios related to the liquidity of a firm deal with the liquidity of its receivables and inventory. The ratios indicating the liquidity of a firm's receivables are days' sales in receivables, accounts receivable turnover, and account receivable turnover in days. Days' sales in receivables relate the amount of accounts receivable to the average daily sales on account. This is computed by gross receivables divided by average net sales per year. Short-term creditors will view this as an indication of a firm's liquidity. Internal analysts should compare it to the firm's credit terms to analyze if the firm is managing its receivables efficiently. The days' sales in receivables should be close to the firm's credit terms. Accounts receivable turnover indicates the liquidity of a firm's receivables. This is measured in times per year and is computed by net sales divided by average gross receivables. This figure can also be expressed in days by average gross receivables divided by average net sales for the year. Inventories are a significant asset of most firms; thus they are indicative of a firm's short-term debt paying ability. The liquidity of a firm's inventories can be analyzed through the use of the following ratios: days' sales in inventory, inventory turnover, and inventory turnover in days. In calculating days' sales in inventory the analyst would divide ending inventory by a daily average of cost of goods sold. The result is an estimate of the number of days that it will take for the firm to sell current inventory. Inventory turnover is calculated by cost of good sold divided by average inventory. This forecasts the liquidity of the inventory and is expressed as times per year. This formula can be revised by dividing average inventory by average daily cost of goods sold so that the turnover is expressed in the number of days. Creditors consider low inventory turnover as a liquidity risk associated with the firm. Management uses inventory turnover to utilize effective inventory control. If it is too high the firm may be losing sales due to not enough inventories. If too low there may be a problem with overstocking or obsolescence and the cost associated with carrying such inventory. Working capital is defined as current assets minus current liabilities. Analysts to determine the short-term solvency of a firm calculate this ratio. Management uses this ratio, since some loan agreements or bond indentures contain stipulations concerning minimum working capital requirements. A firm's current ratio is determined by current assets divided by current liabilities. This measures a firm's ability to meet is current liabilities out of its current assets. An average of two to one is usually the norm. A shorter operating cycle will result in a lower current ratio whereas; a longer operating cycle will result in a higher current ratio. The current ratio shows the size of the relationship between current assets and liabilities, enhancing the comparability between firms.The acid test ratio (Quick ratio) is computed by current assets minus inventory divided by current liabilities. Thus this relates the most liquid assets to current liabilities. This is the most stringent test of liquidity. The usual guideline for the ratio is one to one. Short-term creditors will use this as an indication of a firm's ability to satisfy its short- term debt immediately. The management of the firm will have a greater difficulty borrowing short-term funds if the firm has a low quick ratio. If the ratio is very low, it is an indication that the firm will not be able to meet its short-term obligations. When using liquidity ratios the analyst will start with receivables and inventory, if a liquidity problem is suggested further analysis using the current and quick ratio will be used and the analyst will form an opinion accordingly.Analysts use liquidity ratios to make judgments about a firm, but there are limitations to these ratios. The liquidity of a firm's receivables and inventories can be misleading if the firm's sales are seasonal and or the firm uses a natural business year. The analyst would then adjust the figures accordingly to compare with other firms. The valuation method used will have a major impact on the firm's liquidity of its inventory. Valuation of a firm's inventory under the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) approach will cause an understatement of inventory with will carry over as an understated current ratio. The use of LIFO may cause unrealistic days' sales in inventory and a much higher inventory turnover. The analyst would take the valuation method used into account when comparing with other firms. One way to judge the liquidity of a firm is to use not only traditional liquidity measures but also consider certain cash flow ratios. In doing liquidity analysis cash flow information is more reliable than balance sheet or income statement information. The cash flow ratios that test for solvency and liquidity are: operating cash flow (OCF), funds flow coverage (FFC), cash interest coverage (CIC), and cash debt coverage (COC). Cash flow ratios determine the amount of cash generated over a period of time and compare that to short-term obligations. This gives a clearer picture if the firm has a liquidity problem in connection with its short-term debt paying ability. Operating cash flow is computed by dividing cash flow from operations by current liabilities. This shows the company's ability to generate the resources needed to meet current liabilities. The funds flow coverage ratio is computed by dividing earnings before interest, taxes plus depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) divided by interest plus tax adjusted debt repayment plus tax adjusted preferred dividends. This ratio will help determine if the firm can meet its commitments. A measurement of one from this ratio indicates that the firm can just barley meet its commitments, less than one indicates that borrowing is needed to meet current commitments. The cash interest coverage ratio is computed by the summation of cash flow from operations, interest paid, and taxes paid divided by interest paid. This will help the analyst determine the firm's ability to meet its interest payments. If the firm is highly leveraged it will have a low ratio and a ratio of less than one places serious concerns about a firm's ability to meet its interest payments. The cash debt coverage is calculated by operating cash flow minus cash dividends divided by current debt. This indicates the firm's ability to carry debt comfortably. The higher the ratio the higher the comfort level. All of the cash flow ratios are not uniform but vary by industry characteristics. The analyst would then adjust his assumptions accordingly to assess the liquidity of a firm.Businesses use a variety of performance evaluation measures to analyze the results of their actions. Investors perform a variety of calculations to review the actions of a particular company. Both company management and investors spend time focusing on the company's "liquidity." Liquidity considers the company's ability to pay its current obligations and its cash levels. Certain financial ratios provide important information regarding a company's liquidity.Bill Payment:A primary reason liquidity ratios require attention involve the company's ability to pay its bills. Liquidity ratios compare the current assets of a business to the current liabilities. The current assets represent the resources available for paying bills. Current liabilities represent the bills waiting to be paid. Investors want to see that companies pay their bills without struggling. Creditors want to see that the company holds enough financial resources to meet its current obligations as well as future obligations that may arise from business with the creditor. Future Investments:Businesses consider financial investments, such as purchasing new equipment or new product launches, as they plan their future strategy. Future investments require financial resources to pay for those investments. When a company holds enough liquid resources to fund its strategic plans, it requires no additional financing to pursue those investments. Liquidity ratios provide management with information regarding its financial resources and whether it needs to obtain additional financing. Dividends:Companies often provide a return to stockholders through cash or stock dividends. Cash dividends provide a direct payment to the stockholders. Stock dividends provide stockholders with additional shares of company stock. Companies usually pay stock dividends when they want to compensate the stockholders but lack the cash to make cash dividend payments. Companies use liquidity ratios to determine whether to pay cash dividends or stock dividends to stockholders. The liquidity ratios demonstrate the company's ability to make cash dividend payments. Cash Balance:A company's cash balance serves several purposes. It provides financial resources for the company to pay bills. It maintains a financial safety net for unexpected expenses or a reduction in revenues. And it builds cash pool to allow the company to take advantage of opportunities. The company uses liquidity ratios to determine the level of cash the company currently has and what level of cash it needs to have.

What are some specific liquidity and solvency ratios that you could use for analysis purposes?

The most basic liquidity ratio is the current ratio, which can be obtained by dividing the current assets by current liabilities* Email Print * del.icio.us * digg * newsVine* * * font sizeFinancial ratios are the nuts and bolts of financial statements. They could be a very handy tool for investors. But they are useful only if you know which nut and bolt fits where. Otherwise, handling so many financial ratios could be painful. A few Illustration: Jayachandran / Mint.weeks ago, our friends Jinny and Johnny talked about one of the most important ratios - the P-E multiples. Now Johnny wants to understand some more ratios: liquidity ratios, turnover ratios, coverage ratios, profitability ratios or any other ratio he can lay his hands on.Jinny: Hi, Johnny! You are looking quiet today. What's the matter?Johnny: I have been looking at financial statements of a few companies but I don't really know how I can compare their strengths and weaknesses.Jinny: Well, financial statements of companies are full of numbers that can tell you a lot about companies' strengths and weaknesses but the problem is that numbers talk with numbers only. So you can make an intelligent analysis only if you know how to establish the relationship between different set of numbers.In this respect, financial ratios are of great help. They provide us relationships between two different sets of numbers. In a nutshell, they can tell us how effectively the company is managing its inventory or how quickly the company is receiving its sales proceeds. To find the right answers, we just need to choose the right ratio.By comparing financial ratios we can very well compare the performance of two different companies or the present performance of the same company with its past performance or with the present performance of the industry as a whole.Johnny: It seems ratios are of great use. Tell me about some key financial ratios.Jinny: There are a lot many ratios, each having its own significance. Today I will tell you about just one of them, so let's start with the liquidity ratios, the favourite of lenders of companies. Liquidity ratios tell us how well placed a company is in meeting its short-term liabilities. The most basic liquidity ratio is the current ratio, which can be obtained by dividing the current assets by current liabilities. This ratio tells us how many times the current assets are worth in terms of the current liabilities. If the current ratio is 2, then it means that the current assets are worth two times the current liabilities. That means the company is in a position to comfortably pay its dues.But, you may ask, what exactly is included in the current assets and liabilities? Well, current assets are assets which can be converted into cash within a short period of time, normally not exceeding one year. It includes many things, such as cash and bank balances, investments in different securities, money receivables, short-term loans and advances, inventory of raw materials as well as stock in progress and finished goods, etc.Current liabilities are short-term obligations which the company has to meet within the next one year. It includes all short-term borrowings repayable within one year, instalments and interests of term loans, deposits maturing within one year, sundry creditors for raw materials, stores and consumable spares, etc. You can find the current assets and liabilities of the company from its balance sheet.Johnny: What other liquidity ratios can be used?Jinny: Well, we can also use the acid test or quick ratio to make a more strict measurement of liquidity. This ratio excludes inventory from the current assets of the companies. This means that only cash and bank balances, investment in different securities and money receivables are treated as current assets. Current liabilities include all the components that I have told you about.Why are inventories excluded? This is done because it is difficult to convert inventories like raw materials or stocks in progress quickly into cash. Even finished goods can be converted into cash only with some time lag. The quick ratio tells us how well placed the company is in quickly meeting its short-term obligations. A company that has a high quick ratio is keeping its chequebook ready and will not ask its lenders to pick up unsold fish curry as repayment of its debt. Good for lenders.But there is yet another ratio, called super acid test or super quick ratio, that measures liquidity in even more strict terms. This ratio treats only cash, bank deposits and investments in different securities as current assets and excludes money receivables from current assets. Money receivables are what others owe us and sometimes it is really difficult to get them back.A company with a high super quick ratio is keeping most of the money in its own pocket. A good sign if the company owes you money, but not a very good sign for the owners of the company. A high super quick ratio means that the company is keeping its cash idle. That's not a very smart way of doing business.Johnny: That's true, Jinny. Sitting on idle cash is like sitting on fire.What:Financial ratios help in analysing the financial statements of companies.Who: Lenders and investors examine liquidity ratios to understand how well a company is placed to meet its short-term liabilities.How: Different liquidity ratios compare different elements of current assets with current liabilities.Shailaja and Manoj K. Singh have important day jobs with an important bank. But Jinny and Johnny have plenty of time for your suggestions and ideas for their weekly chat. You can write to both of them at realsimple@livemint.com

Explain the role played by imf in solving international liquidity crisis?

liquidity problem has two aspects qualitative aspects and quantitave aspects the proble,m

Which statement has the average liabilities?

Balance sheet What you'll need is two quarterly balance sheet Example Balance sheet from 2008 and one from 2009 to get the average liabilities you'll take total liabilities from 2008 add it to 2009 total liabilities and divide both by two example 2008 total liabilities = 8 2009 total liabilities = 10 Average liabilities = 8 + 10 = 18 18 / 2 = 9 You will do the same with assets. Usually the average is provided for you in a the problem.

What does liability mean?

A limitation (a cap) of liability clause is a contractual provision that restricts the amount of damages a client can recover from a company. Uncapped liability is a liability without a limit.

Case problem in fundamentals of investing?

A case problem in fundamentals of investing could involve analyzing a company's financial statements to determine its profitability, liquidity, and solvency. Students may need to calculate financial ratios, such as return on equity or current ratio, and interpret the results to make investment recommendations. The case could also involve understanding market trends, evaluating risk factors, and considering economic indicators when formulating an investment strategy.

Can a company operate with negative working capital?

yes, a company can operate with negative working capital. the problem of negative arises when the current liablities exceed current assets. there are apporoximately 34 companies which have negative working capital, it includes bharti airtel also

How can goal congruEnce for managers and shareholders be achieved?

goals of managers with the goals of shareholders 40 Business Finance Lecture 8 Review of the Previous Lecture 􀂄 Cash Flow Statement 􀂄 Financial Statements Analysis 􀂄 Significance 􀂄 Common Size Analysis Topics under Discussion 􀂄 Financial Statements Analysis 􀂄 Common Size Analysis (Cont.) 􀂄 Ratio Analysis 􀂄 Short-term solvency, or liquidity, ratios 􀂃 Current Ratio 􀂃 Acid Test (Quick) ratio 􀂃 Cash ratio Common-Size Statements 􀂄 One very common and useful way of standardized comparison is to work with percentages instead of dollars. 􀂄 So, a standardized financial statement presenting all items in percentages is called a commonsize statement. 􀂄 Balance sheet items are shown as a percentage of total assets and income statement items as a percentage of sales. A2Z Inc., Balance Sheet A2Z Inc. Balance Sheet as of December 31 ($ in millions) Assets 20X1 20X2 Current Assets Cash $ 84 $ 98 Accounts receivable 165 188 Inventory 393 422 Total $ 642 $708 Fixed assets Net plant and equipment 2,731 2,880 Total assets $3,373 $3,588 A2Z Inc., Balance Sheet Liabilities and equity 20X1 20X2 Current liabilities Accounts Payable $ 312 $ 344 Notes payable 231 196 Total $ 543 $ 540 41 Long-term debt 531 457 Stockholders' equity Common stock and paid-in surplus 500 550 Retained earnings 1,799 2,041 Total $2,299 $2,591 Total liabilities and equity $3,373 $3,588 A2Z Inc., Common-Size Balance Sheet Assets 20X1 20X2 Current Assets Cash 2.5% 2.7% Accounts receivable 4.9 5.2 Inventory 11.7 11.8 Total 19.1% 19.7% Fixed assets Net plant and equipment 80.9% 80.3% Total assets 100.0% 100.0% A2Z Inc., Common-Size Balance Sheet Liabilities and equity 20X1 20X2 Current liabilities Accounts payable 9.2% 9.6% Notes payable 6.8 5.5 Total 16.0% 15.1% Long-term debt 15.7% 12.7% Stockholders' equity Common stock and paid-in surplus 14.8% 15.3% Retained earnings 53.3 56.9 Total 68.1 72.2 Total liabilities and equity 100.0% 100.0% A2Z Inc., Common-Size Balance Sheet More on Standardized Statements Suppose we ask: "What happened to A2Z's net plant and equipment (NP&E) over the period?" 􀂄 Based on the 20X1 and 20X2 B/S, NP&E rose from $2,731 to $2,880, so NP&E rose by $149. 􀂄 Did the firm's NP&E go up or down? Obviously, it went up, but so did total assets. In fact, looking at the standardized statements, NP&E went from 80.9% of total assets to 80.3% of total assets. A2Z Inc., Common-Size Balance Sheet More on Standardized Statements 􀂄 If we standardized the 20X2 numbers by dividing each by the 20X1 number, we get a common base year statement. In this case, $2,880 / $2,731 = 1.0545, so NP&E rose by 5.45% over this period. 42 􀂄 If we standardized the 20X2 common size numbers by dividing each by the 20X1 common size number, we get a combined common size, common base year statement. In this case, 80.3%/ 80.9% = 99.26%, so NP&E almost remained the same as a percentage of assets. (. .) In absolute terms, NP&E is up by $149 or 5.45%, but relative to total assets, NP&E fell by 2.6%. A2Z Inc., Common-Size Balance Sheet More on Standardized Statements 􀂄 Current assets rose from 19.1% in 20X1 to 19.7% in 20X2 􀂄 Current liabilities declined from 16.0% to 15.1% of total liabilities and equity over the same time. 􀂄 Total equity rose from 68.1% of total liabilities and equity to 72.2%. 􀂄 Overall, A2Z's liquidity as measured by current assets compared to current liabilities, increased over the year. Also, A2Z's indebtness diminished as a percentage of total assets. 􀂄 So we may conclude that balance sheet as grown stronger A2Z Inc., Income Statement For the Year 20X2 ($ in millions) Net sales $2,311 Cost of goods sold 1,344 Depreciation 276 Earnings before interest and taxes $ 691 Interest 141 Taxable income 550 Taxes 187 Net income $ 363 Dividends $121 Retained earnings 242 A2Z Inc., Common-Size Income Statement Net sales 100.0 % Cost of goods sold 58.2 Depreciation 11.9 Earnings before interest and taxes 29.9 Interest 6.1 Taxable income 23.8 Taxes 8.1 Net income 15.7 % Dividends 5.2% Retained earnings 10.5 A2Z Inc., Common-Size Income Statement 􀂄 This statement tells us what happened to each dollar in sales. 􀂄 For A2Z interest expense eats up 6.1% of sales, while taxes take another 8.1% of sales figure. 􀂄 Following this, 15.7% of revenues from sales flow down to bottom as net income; one-third of which is paid in dividends and remainder two-thirds is taken as retained earnings for busniess. 􀂄 As far as cost is concerned, 58.2% of revenues are spent on the goods sold 43 Standardized Financial Statements 􀂄 Although an organization's common-size statements provide a better analytical insight into the it's strength and standing, yet it's performance and efficiency can be better judged by comparing these with those of the firm's competitors. Ratio Analysis 􀂄 Another way of avoiding the problems involved in comparing companies of different sizes, is to calculate and compare financial ratios. 􀂄 One problem with ratios is that different people and different sources frequently don't compute them in exactly the same way. 􀂄 While using ratios as a tool for analysis, you should be careful to document how you calculate each one, and, if you are comparing your numbers to those of another source, be sure you know how their numbers are computed. Ratio Analysis 􀂄 For each of the ratios we discuss, several questions come to mind: 􀂄 How is it computed? 􀂄 What is it intended to measure, and why might we be interested? 􀂄 What is the unit of measurement? 􀂄 What might a high or low value be telling? How might such values be misleading? 􀂄 How could this measure be improved? Ratio Analysis 􀂄 Financial ratios are traditionally grouped into the following categories: 􀂄 Short-term solvency, or liquidity, ratios 􀂄 Ability to pay bills in the short-run 􀂄 Long-term solvency, or financial leverage, ratios 􀂄 Ability to meet long-term obligations 􀂄 Asset management, or turnover, ratios 􀂄 Intensity and efficiency of asset use 􀂄 Profitability ratios 􀂄 Ability to control expenses 􀂄 Market value ratios 􀂄 Going beyond financial statements Short-Term Solvency, or Liquidity Measures 􀂄 The primary concern to which these ratios relate, is the firm's ability to pay its bills over the short run without undue stress. So these ratios focus on current assets and current liabilities. 􀂄 Liquidity ratios are particularly interesting to short-term creditors. Since financial managers are constantly working with banks and other short-term lenders, an understanding of these ratios is essential 44 Short-Term Solvency, or Liquidity Measures 􀂄 Current assets and liabilities 􀂄 Their book values and market values are likely to be similar. 􀂄 They can and do change fairly rapidly, hence unpredictable Current Ratio Current Assets Current Ratio= ------------------------ Current Liabilities 􀂄 Because current assets and liabilities are converted into cash over the following 12 months, the current ratio is a measure of short run liquidity. 􀂄 The unit of measurement is either dollars or times. Current Ratio 􀂄 For A2Z Corporation, the 20X2 current ratio is $708 Current Ratio= ---------- = 1.31 times $540 􀂄 We can say that 􀂄 A2Z has a $1.31 in current assets for every $1 in current liabilities OR 􀂄 A2Z has its current liabilities covered 1.31 times over. Current Ratio 􀂄 To a creditor (particularly a short-term creditor like supplier), the higher the current ratio, the better 􀂄 To firm, high current ratio indicates liquidity, but it may also indicate an inefficient use of cash and other short-term assets. 􀂄 We would expect to see a current ratio of at least 1, because a current ratio of less than 1 would mean that net working capital is negative Current Ratio 􀂄 Like any other ratio, current ratio is effected by various transactions. 􀂄 If a firm borrows over long-term, 􀂄 The short run effect would be an increase in cash as well as in long term liabilities. 􀂄 Current liabilities would not be affected, so the current ratio would rise. 􀂄 An apparently low current ratio may not be a bad sign for a company with a large reserve of unlimited borrowing power. 45 Current Ratio Current Events 􀂄 A firm wants to payoff some of its suppliers and creditors. What would happen to current ratio? 􀂄 Current ratio moves away from 1. if it is greater than 1 it will get bigger. But if it is less than 1, it will get smaller. 􀂄 Suppose a firm has $4 in current assets and $2 in current liabilities for a current ratio of 2. and uses $1 in cash to reduce current liabilities, then new current ratio is ($4-2) / ($2-1) = 3 􀂄 Reversing the situation to $2 in current assets and $4 in current liabilities, the change will cause current ratio to fall to 1/3 from 1/2 Current Ratio Current Events 􀂄 Suppose a firm buys some inventory. What would happen in this case? 􀂄 Nothing happens to current ratio. Because in this scenario, one current asset (cash) goes down while another current asset (inventory) goes up. Total current assets are unaffected. Current Ratio Current Events 􀂄 What happens if a firm sells some merchandise? 􀂄 Current ratio would usually rise because inventory is shown at cost and sale would normally be at something greater than cost (difference is markup). 􀂄 So, the increase in either cash or receivables is greater than the decrease in inventory. 􀂄 This increases current assets and current ratio rises. Quick (or Acid-Test) Ratio 􀂄 Inventory is often the least liquid current asset. And its book values are least reliable as measures of market value since the quality of inventory isn't considered. Some of the inventory may turn out to be damaged, obsolete or lost. 􀂄 Relatively large inventories are often a sign of short-term trouble. 􀂄 The firm may have overestimated sales and overbought or overproduced as a result, hence tied up a substantial portion of its liquidity in slow moving inventory Quick (or Acid-Test) Ratio 􀂄 It is computed just like current ratio, except inventory is omitted. Current Assets - Inventory Quick Ratio= ------------------------------------ Current Liabilities 􀂄 For A2Z, this ratio in 20X2 was $708 - 422 Quick Ratio= ----------------- = 0.53 times $540 46 Quick (or Acid-Test) Ratio 􀂄 The quick ratio here tells a somewhat different story than the current ratio, because inventory accounts for more than half of A2Z's current assets 􀂄 If the same figure is for an aircraft manufacturing corporation, then this would certainly be a cause for a BIG concern. Cash Ratio 􀂄 A very short-term creditor may be interested in the cash ratio Cash Cash Ratio= ----------------------- Current Liabilities 􀂄 Current ratio for A2Z in 20X2 was 0.18 Summary 􀂄 Financial Statements Analysis 􀂄 Common Size Analysis (Cont.) 􀂄 Ratio Analysis 􀂄 Short-term solvency, or liquidity, ratios 􀂃 Current Ratio 􀂃 Acid Test (Quick) ratio 􀂃 Cash ratio Upcoming topics 􀂄 Ratio Analysis (cont.) 􀂄 Long Term Solvency, or Liquidity ratios 􀂄 Asset management, or turnover, ratios 􀂄 Profitability ratios 􀂄 Market value ratios

What is a brief definition problems associated with shortages in market liquidity?

Shortages of market liquidity occur when financial institutions or commercial enterprises are unable to obtain cash to pay for day to day expenses, inventory, payroll, debt payments, and other important bills as they become due. The major problem associated with shortages of liquidity is due to the snowball effect. The cash shortage of one enterprise rapidly escalates to encompass other companies and eventually the entire economy. Company A's cash shortage means that they cannot pay monies due to Company B which in turn is unable to pay debts to other companies. A liquidity crisis rapidly escalates as more and more enterprises run short of cash. The problem is compounded as banks cut off lending to companies short of liquidity due to concerns that the loans will not be repaid. Prior to the establishment of a central bank which could function as the lender of last resort, past episodes of liquidity shortages quickly plunged the economy into a severe recession or depression.

How can a goal congruence for managers and shareholders be achieved?

goals of managers with the goals of shareholders 40 Business Finance Lecture 8 Review of the Previous Lecture 􀂄 Cash Flow Statement 􀂄 Financial Statements Analysis 􀂄 Significance 􀂄 Common Size Analysis Topics under Discussion 􀂄 Financial Statements Analysis 􀂄 Common Size Analysis (Cont.) 􀂄 Ratio Analysis 􀂄 Short-term solvency, or liquidity, ratios 􀂃 Current Ratio 􀂃 Acid Test (Quick) ratio 􀂃 Cash ratio Common-Size Statements 􀂄 One very common and useful way of standardized comparison is to work with percentages instead of dollars. 􀂄 So, a standardized financial statement presenting all items in percentages is called a commonsize statement. 􀂄 Balance sheet items are shown as a percentage of total assets and income statement items as a percentage of sales. A2Z Inc., Balance Sheet A2Z Inc. Balance Sheet as of December 31 ($ in millions) Assets 20X1 20X2 Current Assets Cash $ 84 $ 98 Accounts receivable 165 188 Inventory 393 422 Total $ 642 $708 Fixed assets Net plant and equipment 2,731 2,880 Total assets $3,373 $3,588 A2Z Inc., Balance Sheet Liabilities and equity 20X1 20X2 Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 312 $ 344 Notes payable 231 196 Total $ 543 $ 540 41 Long-term debt 531 457 Stockholders' equity Common stock and paid-in surplus 500 550 Retained earnings 1,799 2,041 Total $2,299 $2,591 Total liabilities and equity $3,373 $3,588 A2Z Inc., Common-Size Balance Sheet Assets 20X1 20X2 Current Assets Cash 2.5% 2.7% Accounts receivable 4.9 5.2 Inventory 11.7 11.8 Total 19.1% 19.7% Fixed assets Net plant and equipment 80.9% 80.3% Total assets 100.0% 100.0% A2Z Inc., Common-Size Balance Sheet Liabilities and equity 20X1 20X2 Current liabilities Accounts payable 9.2% 9.6% Notes payable 6.8 5.5 Total 16.0% 15.1% Long-term debt 15.7% 12.7% Stockholders' equity Common stock and paid-in surplus 14.8% 15.3% Retained earnings 53.3 56.9 Total 68.1 72.2 Total liabilities and equity 100.0% 100.0% A2Z Inc., Common-Size Balance Sheet More on Standardized Statements Suppose we ask: "What happened to A2Z's net plant and equipment (NP&E) over the period?" 􀂄 Based on the 20X1 and 20X2 B/S, NP&E rose from $2,731 to $2,880, so NP&E rose by $149. 􀂄 Did the firm's NP&E go up or down? Obviously, it went up, but so did total assets. In fact, looking at the standardized statements, NP&E went from 80.9% of total assets to 80.3% of total assets. A2Z Inc., Common-Size Balance Sheet More on Standardized Statements 􀂄 If we standardized the 20X2 numbers by dividing each by the 20X1 number, we get a common base year statement. In this case, $2,880 / $2,731 = 1.0545, so NP&E rose by 5.45% over this period. 42 􀂄 If we standardized the 20X2 common size numbers by dividing each by the 20X1 common size number, we get a combined common size, common base year statement. In this case, 80.3%/ 80.9% = 99.26%, so NP&E almost remained the same as a percentage of assets. (. .) In absolute terms, NP&E is up by $149 or 5.45%, but relative to total assets, NP&E fell by 2.6%. A2Z Inc., Common-Size Balance Sheet More on Standardized Statements 􀂄 Current assets rose from 19.1% in 20X1 to 19.7% in 20X2 􀂄 Current liabilities declined from 16.0% to 15.1% of total liabilities and equity over the same time. 􀂄 Total equity rose from 68.1% of total liabilities and equity to 72.2%. 􀂄 Overall, A2Z's liquidity as measured by current assets compared to current liabilities, increased over the year. Also, A2Z's indebtness diminished as a percentage of total assets. 􀂄 So we may conclude that balance sheet as grown stronger A2Z Inc., Income Statement For the Year 20X2 ($ in millions) Net sales $2,311 Cost of goods sold 1,344 Depreciation 276 Earnings before interest and taxes $ 691 Interest 141 Taxable income 550 Taxes 187 Net income $ 363 Dividends $121 Retained earnings 242 A2Z Inc., Common-Size Income Statement Net sales 100.0 % Cost of goods sold 58.2 Depreciation 11.9 Earnings before interest and taxes 29.9 Interest 6.1 Taxable income 23.8 Taxes 8.1 Net income 15.7 % Dividends 5.2% Retained earnings 10.5 A2Z Inc., Common-Size Income Statement 􀂄 This statement tells us what happened to each dollar in sales. 􀂄 For A2Z interest expense eats up 6.1% of sales, while taxes take another 8.1% of sales figure. 􀂄 Following this, 15.7% of revenues from sales flow down to bottom as net income; one-third of which is paid in dividends and remainder two-thirds is taken as retained earnings for busniess. 􀂄 As far as cost is concerned, 58.2% of revenues are spent on the goods sold 43 Standardized Financial Statements 􀂄 Although an organization's common-size statements provide a better analytical insight into the it's strength and standing, yet it's performance and efficiency can be better judged by comparing these with those of the firm's competitors. Ratio Analysis 􀂄 Another way of avoiding the problems involved in comparing companies of different sizes, is to calculate and compare financial ratios. 􀂄 One problem with ratios is that different people and different sources frequently don't compute them in exactly the same way. 􀂄 While using ratios as a tool for analysis, you should be careful to document how you calculate each one, and, if you are comparing your numbers to those of another source, be sure you know how their numbers are computed. Ratio Analysis 􀂄 For each of the ratios we discuss, several questions come to mind: 􀂄 How is it computed? 􀂄 What is it intended to measure, and why might we be interested? 􀂄 What is the unit of measurement? 􀂄 What might a high or low value be telling? How might such values be misleading? 􀂄 How could this measure be improved? Ratio Analysis 􀂄 Financial ratios are traditionally grouped into the following categories: 􀂄 Short-term solvency, or liquidity, ratios 􀂄 Ability to pay bills in the short-run 􀂄 Long-term solvency, or financial leverage, ratios 􀂄 Ability to meet long-term obligations 􀂄 Asset management, or turnover, ratios 􀂄 Intensity and efficiency of asset use 􀂄 Profitability ratios 􀂄 Ability to control expenses 􀂄 Market value ratios 􀂄 Going beyond financial statements Short-Term Solvency, or Liquidity Measures 􀂄 The primary concern to which these ratios relate, is the firm's ability to pay its bills over the short run without undue stress. So these ratios focus on current assets and current liabilities. 􀂄 Liquidity ratios are particularly interesting to short-term creditors. Since financial managers are constantly working with banks and other short-term lenders, an understanding of these ratios is essential 44 Short-Term Solvency, or Liquidity Measures 􀂄 Current assets and liabilities 􀂄 Their book values and market values are likely to be similar. 􀂄 They can and do change fairly rapidly, hence unpredictable Current Ratio Current Assets Current Ratio= ------------------------ Current Liabilities 􀂄 Because current assets and liabilities are converted into cash over the following 12 months, the current ratio is a measure of short run liquidity. 􀂄 The unit of measurement is either dollars or times. Current Ratio 􀂄 For A2Z Corporation, the 20X2 current ratio is $708 Current Ratio= ---------- = 1.31 times $540 􀂄 We can say that 􀂄 A2Z has a $1.31 in current assets for every $1 in current liabilities OR 􀂄 A2Z has its current liabilities covered 1.31 times over. Current Ratio 􀂄 To a creditor (particularly a short-term creditor like supplier), the higher the current ratio, the better 􀂄 To firm, high current ratio indicates liquidity, but it may also indicate an inefficient use of cash and other short-term assets. 􀂄 We would expect to see a current ratio of at least 1, because a current ratio of less than 1 would mean that net working capital is negative Current Ratio 􀂄 Like any other ratio, current ratio is effected by various transactions. 􀂄 If a firm borrows over long-term, 􀂄 The short run effect would be an increase in cash as well as in long term liabilities. 􀂄 Current liabilities would not be affected, so the current ratio would rise. 􀂄 An apparently low current ratio may not be a bad sign for a company with a large reserve of unlimited borrowing power. 45 Current Ratio Current Events 􀂄 A firm wants to payoff some of its suppliers and creditors. What would happen to current ratio? 􀂄 Current ratio moves away from 1. if it is greater than 1 it will get bigger. But if it is less than 1, it will get smaller. 􀂄 Suppose a firm has $4 in current assets and $2 in current liabilities for a current ratio of 2. and uses $1 in cash to reduce current liabilities, then new current ratio is ($4-2) / ($2-1) = 3 􀂄 Reversing the situation to $2 in current assets and $4 in current liabilities, the change will cause current ratio to fall to 1/3 from 1/2 Current Ratio Current Events 􀂄 Suppose a firm buys some inventory. What would happen in this case? 􀂄 Nothing happens to current ratio. Because in this scenario, one current asset (cash) goes down while another current asset (inventory) goes up. Total current assets are unaffected. Current Ratio Current Events 􀂄 What happens if a firm sells some merchandise? 􀂄 Current ratio would usually rise because inventory is shown at cost and sale would normally be at something greater than cost (difference is markup). 􀂄 So, the increase in either cash or receivables is greater than the decrease in inventory. 􀂄 This increases current assets and current ratio rises. Quick (or Acid-Test) Ratio 􀂄 Inventory is often the least liquid current asset. And its book values are least reliable as measures of market value since the quality of inventory isn't considered. Some of the inventory may turn out to be damaged, obsolete or lost. 􀂄 Relatively large inventories are often a sign of short-term trouble. 􀂄 The firm may have overestimated sales and overbought or overproduced as a result, hence tied up a substantial portion of its liquidity in slow moving inventory Quick (or Acid-Test) Ratio 􀂄 It is computed just like current ratio, except inventory is omitted. Current Assets - Inventory Quick Ratio= ------------------------------------ Current Liabilities 􀂄 For A2Z, this ratio in 20X2 was $708 - 422 Quick Ratio= ----------------- = 0.53 times $540 46 Quick (or Acid-Test) Ratio 􀂄 The quick ratio here tells a somewhat different story than the current ratio, because inventory accounts for more than half of A2Z's current assets 􀂄 If the same figure is for an aircraft manufacturing corporation, then this would certainly be a cause for a BIG concern. Cash Ratio 􀂄 A very short-term creditor may be interested in the cash ratio Cash Cash Ratio= ----------------------- Current Liabilities 􀂄 Current ratio for A2Z in 20X2 was 0.18 Summary 􀂄 Financial Statements Analysis 􀂄 Common Size Analysis (Cont.) 􀂄 Ratio Analysis 􀂄 Short-term solvency, or liquidity, ratios 􀂃 Current Ratio 􀂃 Acid Test (Quick) ratio 􀂃 Cash ratio Upcoming topics 􀂄 Ratio Analysis (cont.) 􀂄 Long Term Solvency, or Liquidity ratios 􀂄 Asset management, or turnover, ratios 􀂄 Profitability ratios 􀂄 Market value ratios

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