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Use and Limitations of Financial statement analysis (using Ratios)

Attention should be given to the following issues when using financial ratios:

  • A reference point is needed. To to be meaningful, most ratios must be compared to historical values of the same firm, the firm's forecasts, or ratios of similar firms.
  • Most ratios by themselves are not highly meaningful. They should be viewed as indicators, with several of them combined to paint a picture of the firm's situation.
  • Year-end values may not be representative. Certain account balances that are used to calculate ratios may increase or decrease at the end of the accounting period because of seasonal factors. Such changes may distort the value of the ratio. Average values should be used when they are available.
  • Ratios are subject to the limitations of accounting methods. Different accounting choices may result in significantly different ratio values.
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Briefly discuss the primary limitations of ratio analysis as a technique of financial statement analysis?

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What do you understand by analysis and interpretation of financial statement?

Analysis of financial statement means using the data in the financial statements to perform further calculations and analysis, like ratio analysis, trend analysis, industry comparison, horizontal and vertical analysis, etc. Analysis is useful to understand historical transactions and also to estimate future prospects. Interpretation of financial statement is basically is drawing meaningful conclusions and judgment based on the results of basic or detailed analysis. Example: Profitability analysis shows that the company has made profit for the last 5 years consistently. Interpretation of this analysis will lead to the conclusion that the probability of the company produce profits in next year is high.


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In Horizontal analysis of statements companies tries to compare its financial statements with competitors to see that how well or bad they have performed.


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Vertical analysis, or common-sized statements , each amount on a financial statement as a percentage of another item. It can also to analysis income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement.Eg. Income statement : turnover is expressed as 100% and every item in the income statement is expressed as a percentage of turnover (sales).

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Briefly discuss the primary limitations of ratio analysis as a technique of financial statement analysis?

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What do you understand by analysis and interpretation of financial statement?

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Scope of study of financial statement analysis?

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