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The global financial crisis has damaged many of the worlds largest developed economies, in order to mitigate these effects governments and central banks are exercising their respective powers of fiscal and monetary policy. An example of monetary policy in action is the decline in interest rates. Monetary policy is undertaken by the reserve (or central) bank of a country; to lower interest rates is known as an (defensive) expansionary open market operation. Essentially the reserve bank cracks open the economy and injects primary liquidity (money) into the financial system. The increased supply of money relative to demand, lowers the interest rate, essentially "targeting the cash rate". With lower interest rates credit markets can be unfrozen and money can readily exchange hands again. Not to mention home loans and car finance looks far more attractive also.

Fiscal policy on the other hand is action undertaken by the government, specifically its treasury arm; this is were the stimulus packages that are being rolled out worldwide originate from. The treasury basically raises funds (usually through tax revenue) and attempts to "kick start" the economy again by spending this money on projects such as infrastructure. This comes with the hope of creating jobs (lowering unemployment) and creating household income to be spent on consumption. The theory is a multiplier effect then takes place, (as one mans spending is another mans income), so money begins to trickle again throughout the economy.

The most painful part of the financial crisis' effect has been the recession caused. The negative growth is attributed to deflation and rising unemployment. Fiscal and monetary policy aim to promote growth within an economy, and much empirical evidence points to that it does indeed do this.

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How long will it take the state of California to pay a California state tax refund?

Because of the financial crisis, the state of California is reported in February 2009 to have stopped sending out state tax refunds. When they resume will depend on politics and their financial condition.


Capital gains in 2009-2010?

In 2009-2010, capital gains were influenced by the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, which led to a significant decline in asset values. Many investors faced losses, resulting in a lower overall capital gains tax revenue during that period. Additionally, various stimulus measures and economic recovery efforts were implemented to stabilize the economy, impacting investment strategies. Overall, it was a challenging time for capital markets, with cautious investor sentiment prevailing.


Why did many Americans criticize the Troubled Asset Relief Program?

Many Americans criticized the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) because they viewed it as a bailout for large banks and financial institutions that had contributed to the financial crisis, often at the expense of ordinary taxpayers. Critics argued that it prioritized Wall Street over Main Street, neglecting the needs of struggling homeowners and small businesses. Additionally, there was widespread frustration over the lack of accountability and transparency in how the funds were used, leading to concerns about ethical implications and the potential for future reckless behavior in the financial sector.


When was the 50p tax introduced?

The 50p tax rate was introduced in the United Kingdom on April 6, 2009, during the Labour government led by Prime Minister Gordon Brown. It applied to individuals earning over £150,000 per year. The rate was part of a broader effort to increase tax revenues in response to the financial crisis. It was later reduced to 45p in April 2013.


How much is Europe in debt?

I suppose you mean public (government) debt?The 27 countries in EU had a total public debt of 10.8 trillion USD in 2007, 58% of GDP. (Debt in Euro for 2007, converted to USD at today's exchange rate.)For comparison, USA had public debt of 11.2 trillion USD in June 2009, 81% of GDP.Public debt in Europe has presumably increased since 2007, as European governments have dealt with the financial crisis with public spending much like USA has. So the numbers given here aren't really comparable (Europe pre-crisis and USA post-crisis), but I couldn't find more recent data for Europe.Although as a first approximation, the level of public debt seems to be similar.See related links, including the list of countries by public debt (2008 data).

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This is probably the US financial and mortgage crisis.


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There are a few ways to stop yourself from having a financial crisis. Watching your spending, budgeting your money correctly, and having money in a savings account, can help prevent a financial crisis.


What factors contribute to a financial crisis?

Depending on what kind of financial crisis is being described for example; large scale financial crisis such as businesses and communities or small scale such as personal financial troubles. On a personal level not having enough money to live of for necessities is a crisis. For large scale like a community if the economy is bad then that is a big problem as well.


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