How does an airplane stop quickly after landing?

Answer 1

For your large aircraft they will use a few systems at once to slow the aircraft.

The main system is the brakes. These are made of ceramics because of the extreame temperatures in which they are exposed. If you look close enough you should see a slight orange glow coming from the wheels whilst the brakes are on.

The second method is called reverse thrust. This is where the engine cowling opens up and directs airflow forward. By forcing air forward the aircraft is slowed through newtons third law of motion. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

The other method has only a slight effect on the slowing of the aircraft. Although these components are primarily used for other reasons things like you flaps and spoilers help slow the aircraft down by increasing the drag caused by the movement of the aircraft.

These different methods when combined are the reason why many large aircraft are able to stop from high speed relatively fast.