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The difference is similar to that of gasoline and diesel gas.

Avgas is basically the same as automotive unleaded gas, except with higher octane. Usually on the order of 100 octane. Avgas is also still leaded which allows it to burn cooler than would normally be possible. Some airplanes can run on either automotive gasoline or avgas, although its always recommended that avgas be used.

Jet fuel is basically just highly purified kerosene. A few additives are mixed in to reduce the likelyhood the fuel gelling in cold temperatures or to keep ice crystals from forming. Other than that, you could pour it straight into a diesel engine & it would run just fine.

As far as hazards go, avgas evaporates like crazy, you can pour a gallon out on the ground and its gone in 45 seconds. As a result it is highly dangerous when spilled because any ignition source would cause a fireball from the vapor. Jet fuel is much more persistant and evaporates much much slower. It also burns like kerosene, slowly burning off like a candle.

Jet fuel is generally less expensive than avgas, but this is not always the case.

Most smaller single-engine propeller driven aircraft run on avgas. Larger propeller driven aircraft, twins and the like, may or may not be powered by turbo-prop engines which operate more like a jet & use jet fuel. Jet aircraft of course always use jet fuel. One airplane manufacturer, diamond aircraft, makes a diesel-powered airplane which burns jet fuel.

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