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Factors affecting location of an Airport:
The location of an airport site in the case of an isotropic plain can be viewed as a balance between two opposing forces:
- Benefits. The closer an airport is to the city center, the more benefits are derived because of shorter average commuting times from the airport to centers of activity. The airport is then able to conveniently service a metropolitan area. The commuting radius represents a tolerable commuting distance / time from the city center, which is in the range of 1 hour. Beyond that threshold an airport does not serve its metropolitan area well as an undue amount of time must be spent to reach it. The integration of rail systems with airport development, such as in Hong Kong and Paris, reduces this friction of distance by connecting it efficiently to the urban core. However, many airports, especially Narita and New York-JFK, still have poor connections with their metropolitan areas because of congestion and the lack of alternatives to road access.
- Externalities. As the location of an airport gets closer to the city center, more externalities are incurred. The opportunity cost for the land devoted to the airport, the number of people adversely affected by noise, and incompatibilities with local land uses all rise. Externalities have been a strong factor in recent airport development, such as Denver and Hong Kong. Under such circumstances, an airport site should be as far as possible from the city center. In the case of Hong Kong for instance, approximately 380,000 people lived within the 65 dB noise contour of the old Kai Tak airport; but no one lived within the 65 dB contour of the new airport when it opened.
- Suitability. Benefits and externalities functions tend to be inversely proportional to the other. Consequently, a compromise is sought by choosing a site that is close enough to provide significant benefits and far enough to minimize externalities. A location ring of high suitability is derived from an overlay of the benefits and externalities curves.
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