Different things. If it an unpressurized airplane, you don't want to be flying much higher than 12,000 ft MSL without supplementary oxygen.
Mainly though, a typical combustion, normally aspirated / carbeurated engine can't force enough oxygen through it's system to produce the combustion power (rpms) necessary to keep climbing much above 12,000ft msl.
If your airplane is turbo charged, then it uses an exhaust powered turbine to force more oxygen through the fuel system which enables it to keep climbing even though the air gets thinner at higher altitudes.
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In a nutshell, It's generally an oxygen/density altitude limiting factor for the type of engine. That's my best stab at it.
Aircraft typically arrive at an altitude of around 30,000 to 40,000 feet to operate and fly.
Cruising altitude is an economical height for an aircraft to fly. It is also a choice made in view of other aircraft routes.
this obviously varies.
It depends what aircraft and what speed you are going
an engine-less aircraft is more likely to glide than fly. It may gain altitude by riding on updrafts though.
I don't think there are limits to how slow an aircraft can fly in any airspace.
That is condensation from hot engines in cold air.
Almost 35,00 feet or more with the F-22 Raptor from lockheed martin.
A jetstream is a very powerful, high altitude wind. It can affect aircraft that fly through it by shaking and buffeting.
Normal altitude refers to the typical height above sea level at which an aircraft flies during a flight. For commercial airplanes, cruising altitude ranges from 30,000 to 40,000 feet. Smaller aircraft typically fly at lower altitudes, between 5,000 and 10,000 feet.
A fighter jet can just barely fly without the canopy. It would totally upset the pitch of the aircraft and it would have to fly very slowly due to the incoming wind. If the aircraft was above 12,000 feet this lack of pressure would affect the pilot, he would have to lose altitude and land the aircraft soon.
Spacecraft and high-altitude aircraft, like spy planes or research aircraft, can fly in the thermosphere. These vehicles are specially designed to withstand the extreme temperatures and low air density in this layer of the atmosphere. Commercial airplanes do not fly in the thermosphere as they operate in the lower layers of the atmosphere.