Aircraft are not pushed back for take off, they are pushed back from their bay onto the taxiway.
This is required, either because they are facing a stand, or their bay is downhill from the taxiway and they need a "little" help.
Some aircraft - C-17 - C-130 do not need this as they have their own "reverse".
The captain and copilot pull the yoke back and the aircraft takes off autopilot can't help take off for some reason. Pilot's fly the plane .
to take off the the aircraft which is operated at a specific speed on the runway
Aircraft take off and land on airstrips. Airstrips are runways aircraft are planes.
VSTOL = Vertical or Short Take Off and Landing aircraft. Whereas a STOL aircraft is a Short Take Off and Landing Aircraft. Maybe there is a term VTOL just for Vertical Take Off and Landing.
It depends on the aircraft.
The engines provide forward thrust, allowing the wings to generate lift. It is the lift that allows the aircraft to take off.
Most aircraft passenger jets take off at 138 knots
This is to allow the airplane to rotate when it is taking off. (Rotating is when the pilot pulls back, raises the nose of the aircraft, and the aircraft rises into the air). If the aircraft did not have this raised tail-end, a "tail-strike" would happen, which damages the aircraft.
like a normal aircraft
true
If conditions (airport layout and traffic conditions) allow aircraft take off and land against the wind (headwind). This way the aircraft can take off or approach the runway at a lower ground speed.
This varies due to payload (how much weight is on the aircraft) and weather, V1 is normally around 152 KIAS and 164 when the aircraft begins to take off.