You answered you own question, It's called the latch and the part it latches / hooks onto is called the strike.
its called the pu$$y
One of the door ajar switches is showing an open door. The switches are part of the latches inside the door.
yes it is called a jamb.
On my 2000 sebring convertable they are on the door jamb near the part that the door latches on to where the back of the door comes to rest. They look kind of like a bicycle tire stem and are held in by a single screw. After removing the screw, you detach by pressing a little raised tab that release the switch from the wire.
Hook is a verb (to hook) and a noun (a hook).
first remove the two screws. one is located near the hinge at the upper part of the door panel, but below the window. the second is opposite the first, near where the door latches. then remove the screws holding the inside handle and the pull grip in place. the handle screw will be a smaller screw than the rest of them, so make sure you know where it is when putting the door back together. then use a flathead screw driver to pry out the pull grip and handle "container". on manuals you have to remove the window crank by "releasing" a c hook using a flathead screwdriver to pull up on the hook (which is right near the axle of the crank in between the door panel and the crank. then just start prying the panel from the door. there are several clips that will pop. they are all located alond the bottom and side of the panel.
its called a bezel or a headlight door
On the inside of the door by the rear lip of the door there is a weatherstrip. under the weatherstrip kinda parellel to the handle there is a small black cover. Remove the cover, take a hook tool and reach in about 3-4 inches and drag the tool back to you with the pointy end towards the handle and pull on the small rear part of the handle. you want to angle the hook tool towards the inside of the door a little. once the small part of the handle is out the rest comes out like every other stupid vw handle. wiggle it.
Sometimes called A-Pillar
It is called a door hinge spring and can be bought at LMC for less than $10.
this is called the door sill seal or door sill rubber
Well, removing the door panel isn't too difficult, but I don't think you'll be able to replace the window by doing that. However, here is the process anyways: For the most part, the door just pops off, except for roughly 3 screws. Two (2) screws are located inside the little pocket on the door's arm rest. The other screw is located behind the door handle. If looking at the door from the inside, on the left side of the panel (near where the door latches to the door frame), there are two pins that can be easily popped out with a flathead screw driver. After those have been removed the only part left is the crank knob for the window (provided you have manual windows). For this, there is a small C clamp directly behind where the knob attaches to the door. This can be difficult to get off. You might need a small sharp hook of some sort. Once this is off, simply pop the panel off of the door; it should not take too much effort.