You can permanently damage the catalytic converter (if fitted) which can be costly to replace.
The catalytic converter
Misfiring on a petrol injection engine is caused due to incorrect ignition timing. As the engine rotates, the timing determines when each piston fires or ignites.
misfiring probably caused by a damaged collector in distributor. if this mini cylindirical part damage engine misfires lose almost all power and while pressing throttle engine works very noisy like a gun...
An engine computer does not cause a misfire but merely reports it. The misfire is probably caused by the ignition coil or plug wires
A misfiring cylinder typically indicates an issue with the engine's combustion process, which can be caused by several factors, including faulty spark plugs, a malfunctioning fuel injector, or a vacuum leak. This can lead to poor engine performance, increased emissions, and potential damage to the engine over time. Additionally, a misfire can trigger the check engine light and may cause rough idling or stalling. Addressing the underlying cause is essential for restoring optimal engine function.
why would it no be
Flashing means that the car is misfiring. Driving it like that could damage the catalytic converter.
You can but it is not a good idea. If your engine is misfiring then unburnt fuel will enter the exhaust. This will damage the O2 sensor and eventually destroy the catalytic converter costing you big time. Stop driving the car until you can have it repaired.
perhaps failing oil pump caused engine damage
Of course there will be permanent damage its just a matter of how much. If the engine stopped it may be that the engine has seized. If that's the case you are going to have to get a new/rebuilt engine and if you went somewhere to have your oil changed and they did this you should go and have them pay for it.
if I understand your ? can not changing an old oil filter gasket casue damage to your engine NO only if it leaked out all the oil other wise no. If the filter change was the cause of the leak and you lost enough oil for the engine to start clattering, yes, it caused the permanent engine damage.
Engine seized? No Depending on distance driven - might have done permanent damage to engine