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Yes, and disconnecting the battery while the engine is running can severely damage the computers
Yes, a loose battery cable will prevent the alternator from charging the battery. The drain on the battery is not caused by the engine not running unless an accessory is left on. Most likely, the drain is caused by accessories (radio, lights, etc) while the engine is running due to the battery not receiving its charge from the alternator and then not having enough charge left to start the engine.
Yes. You should read from 13.5 to 15.5 volts at the battery with the engine running. Your alternator is not putting out any voltage. Remove it and have it tested at your local auto parts store.
Not likely, but running the engine with a dead battery can damage some alternators. Always fully charge the battery when installing an alternator.
The wrong spark plug wire(s) can cause engine problems including not running but won't drain the battery.
If the alternator fails, it is no longer keeping the battery charged and your engine is running on nothing but battery power. Once the battery runs down, your engine will no longer run.
NO. That means the engine is running too hot. Check cooling system.
I've seen this happen in Honda's. Does it remain running for long periods of time or never shut off? If it is only running for a short time, it's cooling off your engine still because it's still really hot. There's nothing wrong with this.
Yes, it can ruin the battery by overcharging it. If you are reading between 13.5 to 15.5 volts at the battery with the engine idling then more than likely the alternator is good and you battery has a dead cell. A fully charged battery will read 12.6 volts with the engine not running.
If coolant is up to proper level and cooling fans are working - should not overheat
No, that will have no effect on the battery.
a weak battery will not cause an engine vibration.