It uses checks and balances. The Constitution gives each Branch the ability to override the other, thus making none more powerful than the other.
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The authors of the constitution permitted its power so that there was a central and accepted reference for any relations between people and the state. The constitution also has power to enforce the relationship between two or more people.
Federalism divides power between the state and national governments. The separation of powers ensures that in both state and national government each branch of government is responsible for certain things and each branch of government balances each other.
separation of powers
Under the 10th Amendment powers not enumerated in the Constitution are reserved to the states, respectively, or to the people.
It wasn't one person, but rather several people who proposed the ideas. John Hancock, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Hamilton inspired the idea of the constitution. They believed that every man had an equal opportunity.