The United States territorial courts are tribunals established in territories of the United States by the United States Congress, pursuant to its power under Article Four of the United States Constitution, the Territorial Clause. Most United States territorial courts are defunct because the territory under their jurisdiction have become states or been retroceded. Among the United States territorial courts still in existence are:
Their jurisdiction is similar to that of a United States district court.
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This answer is an estimate based on the idea that there are 3,140 counties in the United States, and that if you figure the average number of judges per county was 3 and that every state had a supreme court of 9 justices, I would estimate that there was anywhere from 9,870 to 15,000 judges in the USA.
That estimate is likely to be rather low. For many low populated counties and even states, it could be accurate. It is totally off for large populated areas. An example is that the State of New York has over 1,200 judges in the state courts. Los Angeles County in California has 431 judges.
There are about 3,200 Federal judges in the United States. It changes with the needs of the country.
Each state establishes their own court system, and it can include numerous different levels of courts. Most have a basic court, and appellate court and a high court for three levels. There can also be specialized courts for traffic violations, family cases and probate, as well as criminal courts.
The judicial branch consists of judges and courts such as district courts (thus district judges), appeals court and judges and the highest court in the USA, the Supreme Court and the 9 justices.
In what ways are courts, judges, and justices shielded from politics and political pressure
I believe it refers to Congress' ability to set up a tribunal to hear disputes, appeals, and complaints in regard to some action, the decisions of which can still be reviewed and overturned by the Supreme Court. An example would be Article I courts; Article I courts are also referred to as legislative courts. Article I hearings include: Territorial courts (These are federal courts located in the district of Guam, the US Virgin Islands and the Northern Mariana Islands), US Court of Military Appeals [US Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces], US Court of Veterans Appeals, US Court of Federal Claims, and US Tax Court. Also included are ancillary courts with judges appointed by Article III appeals court judges, or administrative agencies. Article I judges are not subject to the Article III protections.
The Congress of the United States originally established the Arizona territorial courts in the Organic Act of 1863. They organized the courts on three levels. They were justice of the peace courts, probate and district courts, and a supreme court. The district courts made up the main judicial body and tried the majority of cases. The transition from territorial to state status was smooth for the Arizona Courts. The state provided immediate judicial courts with the JP courts, superior courts, a supreme court and a federal district court.
The criminal court of appeals is the highest state court. Judges are elected for the position in the state courts of appeal.