The federal government wields so influence over the states. This is the agent which distributes resources and funds to the states in form of grants which means that it will directly influence whatever happens in the states.
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Yes and no, State laws, rules, regulations as well as constitutional amendments can be ruled invalid at its inception (void ab initio) if they are found to be in violation of constitutional rights. Plus, states that receive federal funds for programs must comply with federal rules in their implementation.
If power is not shared equally in government some branches will wield more power and influence than others, which results in imbalance that threatens stability
No a constitution form a frame work within which a government can wield power.
There is no specific word for this kind of government. There is the term AUTHORITARIANISM which refers to any government that wields significant power over a population, but there is no requirement that an authoritarian government not interfere with citizens' ideas and intimate lives. However, authoritarian governments that do wield power over citizens' ideas and intimate lives are called totalitarian governments.
The Founding Fathers were concerned that if the Nation's Capital was located in one of the original states, that state would wield undue influence over the federal government, and have more power than other states. They envisioned a state harassing the federal government and interfering if they did not get their way in national matters. Therefore, they created the District of Columbia (D.C.) and made that the seat of the national government. It would not be a part of any individual state.
The presidential powers state that the President is the Commander in Chief of the armed services and of state militias when they are called into federal service. The President may require opinions of the principal officers of the federal government. The president may grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment. The president may make treaties, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The President may, with the advice of the Senate, may appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not otherwise described in the Constitution.