Appropriations is the most powerful, having jurisdiction over most federal spending. After that in no particular order: Finance (jurisdiction over nearly all revenue, bonded debt, Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security), Armed Services (broad military powers), Judiciary (jurisdiction over administrative law, and holds confirmation hearings for all federal judicial nominees). After that, probably Foreign Relations, followed by whatever committees have jurisdiction over whatever are hot-button issues at that time.
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Rules Committee, Appropriations Committee, Ways and Means Committee, and the Budget Committee are probably the most powerful. The Energy and Commerce Committee and the Education and Labor Committee are powerful because of the broad reach of their jurisdictional control.
It is called the Congress, the lawmaking body of the government.
The Boston committte itself and soon became the the most powerful
The Majority Leader
Most bills start in committees. A bill that passes committee is then voted on in the full house or senate. A bill must pass the house and the senate, and then it goes to the president.