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Amelioration in terms of slavery is the policy of improving slave conditions.
The word "chattel" means any item of property other than freehold land. Thus in terms of slavery, slaves are the chattel of the slave owner.
The North wanted tariffs on imports, to protect its manufacturing industry. The South had virtually no manufacturing industry, so it wanted cheap imports.
Lincoln's opponent, Gen. George McClellan, favored a more lenient approach to the South than the Republicans did; he also was not supportive of Republican plans to abolish slavery through military force. If he had won, probably the South would have received more generous terms when the war ended and the end of slavery would have been delayed. It is possible (though by no means certain) that this would have avoided some of our later problems. For example, the South might have recovered sooner economically and a more carefully thought out approach to emancipation might have prevented the relegation of most of the freed men to share cropping, which was really just another form of slavery. However, the times were so tumultous and violent that it might not have made any difference who won the election. After all, Lincoln was assassinated, and McClellan might have been, too.
George Washington, who served two terms between 1789 and 1797, did not seek a third term in office.