Laws passed by Congress and judicial decisions are two things that have caused new interpretations of the Constitution. A changing and evolving society is another cause.
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Courts have jurisdiction over interpretations of the constitution and can suggest amendments. The supreme court was the only one mentioned in the US constitution.
The legislative branch is allowed to make the laws of the government within the limits of the Constitution. Much of their activities lately have been based off of very loose interpretations of the Constitution.
The Supreme Court may not amend the Constitution, but their interpretations definitely serve as checks and balances on the other two branches. Laws have to agree with the Constitution to be legal.
There was the articles of confederation that didn't work and this congress meet in 1787 to write the constitution. So, to answer your question I think you are confused. The constitution was a whole new effort and the articles were too loose and didn't really have the framework for a working government.
Supreme Court to declare acts of Congress and state laws unconstitutional