An infringement is a minor offense which involves breaking the terms of a law or an agreement, or by simply violating a rule. It can sometimes lead to legal penalties.
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If there is a list of rights, then it is very easy for people who feel that their rights have been infringed to identify their rights.
Dick Anthony Heller is the plaintiff in the District of Columbia v. Heller case. He believes that the gun control laws in DC are violating the second amendment "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." He is a security officer in the building of the administrative offices of the federal courts, and he wants to keep the gun he uses at work with him at all times for his personal protection.
An absolute right is one that cannot be infringed upon, while a qualified right is where the state can lawfully interfere. Civil liberties fall under a third classification, which is a restricted right. Liberty can be restricted if a person commits a crime that warrants an imprisonment.
It is called the Supreme Law of the Land only for the United States and its citizens. It is called supreme because all other sub forms of government within the country and all legislation passed by individual states and their local districts must not pass laws that supersede the rights and laws of the Federal Government. The Federal Government gives and protects the rights of all of its citizens and those rights can not be infringed upon by any other legislation which violates those rights. Supreme=highest law to which all others are held accountable.