This is rather subjective, but a US Supreme Court Justice could be regarded as the most significant long term force in American politics, especially the Chief Justice.
The Justices are responsible for interpreting the law, but the interpretation of that law can lean liberal or conservative. Additionally they are appointed for life, giving them a long hold over US policies.
Especially influential justices include John Marshall (1801-1835), Roger Taney (1836-1864), and Earl Warren (1953-1969)
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There never has been a fourth party. At times a third party has risen, but not lasted long. Teddy Roosevelt in 1912 tried a 3rd party run with the Bull Moose party. He was not successful. The two parties we have are very powerful with lots of money. I doubt we will get a third-party or fourth.
Hillary Clinton has been in politics since she was 13 years old. She helped campaign for Richard Nixon when he was running for president. She became a US senator in 2001.
Randy Brock
There are a variety of characteristics of history. These include many dates, long stories explaining events, as well as some insight into current politics.
I would say that the automobile was the transportation development that had the greatest long-term impact on the American economy. Just think of all the things that its invention affected--tourism, hotels, construction businesses, etc. Plus, the autombile is still affecting the American economy today.