Allaigance to orthodox church,reforms,allaigance to kingship etc.
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reconstruction
How powerful the federal government should be
One issue political parties included the Know-Nothing and the Free-Soil parties.
Minor parties take votes away from the candidates of other parties.
Election-oriented means that a party is focused on getting elected for an office. Issue-oriented means that a party is more focused on a certain political issue. So saying that the major parties are more election-oriented means that they put their efforts into getting candidates from their party elected, not just getting the public focused on an issue.