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Anti-federalists that believed the original constitution gave the government power to infringe upon the rights of man.
in what ways does the bill of rights protect individuals from the power of government
Most of the rights in the Bill of Rights apply as much to states as to the national government. So, it isn't necessary for every state to include each item in its own constitution. Many state constitutions do include these items, whether or not they duplicate national rights. For example, California's state constitution begins with a statement of rights and gives dozens of rights of citizens in detail. Many of these match the Bill of Rights almost exactly. Some rights are unique to California -- citizens have the right to fish upon public lands and waters, for example.
First off, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, is a statement, a declaration not a set of codified rules upon which laws are based. It was updated in 1793 like you suggest in your question, and used as a base for the French Constitution of 1793 or the Constitution of the Year I. That Constitution was never adopted. It was also the basis for the International human rights instruments, such as theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Or as they are called International Bill of Human Rights. Sadly although these rights have been adopted by the UN, they are not recognized world wide.
The Bill of Rights covers all the United States and federal law supersedes state law.