Middle-class whites flocked to city centers.
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They have become much larger, cleaner, healthier and easier to move around in.
The use of gun powder
During the late 19th century, urban political machines emerged as powerful entities that controlled local politics in many American cities. These organizations, often led by charismatic leaders known as "bosses," relied on patronage, bribery, and voter manipulation to maintain their grip on power. They provided essential services and support to immigrant communities in exchange for votes, effectively becoming both a lifeline and a source of corruption. While they helped shape urban infrastructure and social services, they also entrenched corruption and hindered democratic processes.
1. The rise of industry and commerce.2. The development of an intellectual class.3. Foreign imperialism.
There are two basic reasons - power and money.
Middle-class whites flocked to city centers.
One reason for the expansion of machine politics in the late nineteenth century was the rapid urbanization and immigration in American cities. As populations swelled, political machines emerged to provide essential services and support to new residents, often in exchange for votes. These organizations capitalized on the needs of diverse communities, offering jobs, housing, and social services, thus solidifying their power and influence in local politics.
Lincoln Austin Steffens was an American investigative journalist and one of the leading muckrakers of the Progressive Era in the early 20th century and author of "The Shame of the Cities."
Nicholas Rogers has written: 'Crowds, culture, and politics in Georgian Britain' -- subject(s): History, Politics and government, Popular culture, Crowds, Political participation 'Carnal knowledge' 'Whigs and cities' -- subject(s): Politics and government, Whig Party (Great Britain), Populism, Cities and towns, Working class, Political activity, History 'England in the Fifteenth Century'
Middle-class whites flocked to city centers.
In the late nineteenth century America cities: The middle and upper classes lived in the newer suburbs
Poverty, war, and famine caused the cities to grow in population at the end of the nineteenth century.
skyscrapers
Trade allows some cities become major trade centres
The city has varied from being the center of production and manufacturing all the way to being the center of arts, politics and technology. Cities have basically gone from being manufacturing-related to arts and humanities-related. This has become the pattern for all cities over time.
Because they are the holiest two Islamic cities.