Nephrothialiasis, more commonly known as nephrolithiasis, refers to the formation of kidney stones (renal calculi) within the renal system. These stones are solid masses made of crystals that can lead to severe pain, urinary obstruction, and potential kidney damage if not treated. Risk factors include dehydration, certain dietary habits, and underlying metabolic disorders. Treatment options may range from increased fluid intake and dietary changes to medical procedures for stone removal.