A non-citizen who entered the Roman military was called an auxiliary, and , obviously, would join the ranks of the auxiliares.
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A phalanx was a military formation of packed ranks of infantry locked into formation with spears providing offensive and defensive capability, and shields providing lateral and overhead protection.
polemarchos :supreme commander strategos or stratigos : general taxiarhos : brigadier syntagmatarkhis : colonel tagmatarkhis: battalion leader lokhagos :captain hoplite : foot soldier (heavily armed) cavalry:hyparchos or hipparmostes :regiment commander hippotoxotes : horse archers
In Roman times there were poor ordinary citizens, ordinary citizens and wealthy and powerful citizens and the emperor who sat in the highest point of all ranks. This produced a court in which government officials and the imperial family competed with poets, astrologers, doctors, slaves, and actors for the emperor's attention and favor. The emperor's own slaves and freedmen dominated the clerical and financial posts and formed the core of imperial administration just as they did in the household administration of any Roman aristocrat. Deep ties of loyalty bound Roman freedmen and slaves to their patrons so that they faithfully served even the most monstrous emperors.
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The chief magistrates of the Roman Republic were censors, consuls, praetors, curule aediles, and quaestors. The ranks they were divided into depended on their power.