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Babylon and Sumer were both ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, but they differed in their cultural, political, and temporal contexts. Sumer, considered one of the world's earliest civilizations, emerged around 4500 BCE and was known for its city-states like Ur and Uruk, advanced writing systems (cuneiform), and innovations in agriculture and governance. In contrast, Babylon rose to prominence later, particularly under King Hammurabi around 1800 BCE, and became a major center for trade, law (with the famous Code of Hammurabi), and cultural achievements. While Sumer laid the foundational elements of Mesopotamian culture, Babylon built upon and expanded these legacies, becoming a dominant power in the region.

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