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Although the Incas had learned to smelt metals, they had not built metal armor, and neither they nor the Aztecs had built weapons using gunpowder. These allowed the much smaller forces of the Spanish to defeat larger armies.

On a separate level, both the Spanish and the native tribes had been exposed to different sets of natural diseases. The Spanish contracted yellow fever and similar illnesses. But the much larger populations of natives were more severely afflicted by the European diseases brought by the conquistadors.

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