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Ancient Sparta was primarily governed by a dual kingship system, with two hereditary kings from different royal families, the Agiads and the Eurypontids. In addition to the kings, the Gerousia, a council of elders including the kings, played a significant role in legislative matters and held considerable power. The Apella, an assembly of Spartan citizens, also contributed to decision-making, although its powers were limited compared to the Gerousia. Lastly, five elected officials called ephors acted as overseers, holding significant authority in various aspects of governance, including legal and military matters.

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