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The Aztec Empire collapsed primarily due to the Spanish conquest led by Hernán Cortés in 1519-1521, which was facilitated by superior military technology, the use of horses, and the spread of diseases like smallpox that devastated the indigenous population. Internal dissent and resentment among subject tribes also weakened the empire, as many allied with the Spanish against the Aztecs. Additionally, the political and social structures of the empire were not equipped to handle the rapid changes brought by the invasion, leading to its swift downfall.

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