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Sparta was called an oligarchy because it was governed by a small group of elites, primarily the two hereditary kings and a council of elders known as the Gerousia. This ruling class held significant power over political decisions and military matters, limiting the influence of the broader citizenry. Additionally, the Spartan assembly had limited authority, as its decisions could be overridden by the Gerousia. Lastly, the social structure favored a privileged minority, with the majority of the population (the helots) having no political rights.

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