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They dissolve in water because the attractive forces (ion-dipole interaction) that are formed between the ions and the polar water molecules release energy which compensate for the energy required when the ions get separated.

The formation of solutions is an important part of chemical energetics which is a chapter in physical chemistry.

Normally, an ionic compound dissolves if the process is exothermic, that is, if energy is released from the process. This energy is known as DHsolution

When an ionic compound dissolves, two processes are involved:

The first is the separation of the ions to the gaseous state, and this is normally referred to as 'negative of lattice energy' ( -DHlattice)

In equations, this is stated as: K+Cl-(s) gives K+(g) + Cl-(g)

The second process is the hydration of the ions. Using equations, this is stated as:

K+(g) + Cl-(g) gives K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Now, DHsolution = DHhydration - DHlattice

For most ionic compounds (and for KCl), magnitude DHhydration is greater than the magnitude of DHlattice giving an overall negative value for DHsolution (Note that DHlattice is negative as well as DHhydration). Thus, the ionic compound will dissolve.

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