Europeans adopted various advancements from Muslims during the Middle Ages, particularly in the fields of science, mathematics, and medicine. Notable contributions included the introduction of the Arabic numeral system, which replaced the Roman numeral system, and significant medical texts that combined Greek and Islamic knowledge. Additionally, Europeans learned about advanced agricultural techniques and spices, which transformed their culinary practices and economies. These exchanges significantly influenced the Renaissance and the development of European intellectual culture.
The Muslims.
sex
Crusades
Europeans rediscovered the ideas of the ancient Greeks after 1500.
Mostly other Africans.
To take the Holy Land back from the Muslims
No, Muslims did not adopt the local religion and customs when they settled in Spain.
No, Muslims did not adopt the local religion and customs when they settled in Spain.
the use of city charters
Any man can adopt any profession to earn his livelihood. Being a merchant is a respectable profession among the Muslims.
Cinderella
I don't believe that Muslims were ever more advanced than Western Europeans. Perhaps during the Dark Ages, when Europe was basically isolated from the entire world and basically frozen in time.