When the ground is cooler than the air you get fog.
When a sound wave is refracted away from the surface of the Earth, it implies that the temperature of the air is cooler than the temperature of the ground. This happens because sound waves travel faster in warmer air layers than in cooler ones, causing them to refract away from the cooler, denser air near the ground.
Typically, the ground is colder than the air. This is because the ground absorbs and retains heat from the sun more slowly than the air, resulting in cooler ground temperatures.
The water is cooler than the land and air sinks over the water
No, heat will not move from the ground to the atmosphere by conduction if the air is warmer than the ground. Conduction involves heat transfer from a warmer object to a cooler object, so in this case, heat will not flow from the ground to the already warmer air.
Cooler air does move closer to the ground. I can attest to that because when I was camping, I had to move to the top bunk in the cabin where it was warmer because it was so cold on the bottom bunk. Therefore, cold air goes down and warm air does rise.
the water is cooler than the land, and air sinks over the water. ~Apex
Water vapor in the air condenses when the ground cools at night. the cooler ground (often due to radiation into space when it is clear) cools the air near the ground. This cooler air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air and the moisture condenses as fog.
b. Warm air is as dense as cooler air. Temperature has a direct impact on air density, with warmer air being less dense than cooler air at the same pressure.
it decreases.
Cooler air tends to sink and accumulate in low-lying areas such as valleys due to its higher density compared to warmer air. The lack of wind on calm nights allows the cooler air to settle in the valley and create temperature inversions, where the air near the ground is cooler than the air above.
it sinks
it decreases.