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The first psychologist to systematically investigate animal learning and the influence of consequences on voluntary behaviors was Edward L. Thorndike. He is best known for his experiments with cats in puzzle boxes, where he observed how animals learned to escape through trial and error. Thorndike formulated the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to recur. His work laid the foundation for behaviorism and later influenced B.F. Skinner's research on operant conditioning.

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