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  1. Replacement - refers to the preferred use of non-animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim.
  2. Reduction - refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals.
  3. Refinement - refers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals still used.
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13y ago

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