planters and landlords were no longer able to rely on the white indentured servants as a labor force
African slavery became the prevalent form of labor in the 1680s when European colonists in the Americas turned to African slaves due to a decline in indentured servitude and the need for cheap labor on plantations. The transatlantic slave trade also intensified during this time, providing a steady supply of enslaved Africans to the colonies.
It was in the 1680s.
indentured servants
nnn
1680s Dutch "blaf" meaning flat or broad.
books and ex;
labor
Performing arts, nothing related to electronics at the time.
no Philadelphia was founded in the 1680s (I think it was 1682). Pittsburgh was founded in 1758.
1680s, "to thoroughly lead astray"... An earlier version 'bewhape' originated in the early 14th century.
Dominion of New England
By the late 17th century, Barbados had one of the highest concentrations of enslaved Africans in the Americas. It is estimated that there were around 100,000 enslaved individuals on the island by the 1680s, outnumbering the white population significantly. The enslaved population was primarily involved in sugar production, which was the island's main economic activity. This demographic situation contributed to a society deeply rooted in the plantation system and slavery.