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How small is the smallest pyramid?
The smallest pyramid can be a few millimeters in height, known as a micro-pyramid. This size of pyramid is commonly used in nanotechnology and microelectronics for various applications.
Why are there so few producers in caves?
Caves have so few producers because of the lack of sun. A producer makes its food from the suns energy and without that there aren't producers. some caves have types of micro organisms that make their own food from other sources of energy and could possibly be considered producer type organisms themselves.
What are the 3 steps for a cave to form?
Are we assuming in limestone, as with the vast majority of the world's caves? If so it's a bit more than "Three Steps"...Most of the world’s caves are in Limestone.Caves need three materials: a soluble rock like Limestone or Gypsum, water and carbon-dioxide (CO2).Their host limestone also needs to be of appropriate physical structure and raised into hills, then subjected to reasonably consistent precipitation for many tens or hundreds of thousands of years.Limestone is a sedimentary rock of which the world’s greater proportion was laid down in warm, relatively shallow, seas. The rock was laid in horizontal layers – Beds – separated by Bedding-planes which generally reflect geologically-brief changes in the environment. The suite of beds is known as a Formation, generally named after its “type area”.Later continental uplift (tectonic processes) raise the formation along with its underlying rocks, usually tilting and folding it to at least some extent in the process. Since most rocks are brittle they cannot take much stress, and limestone beds crack into grids of fine fractures called Joints. The uplift and folding often also causes Faulting – major breaks with the rock mass one side of the Fault Plane being raised, lowered or moved horizontally past that on the opposite side. (Note: Plane – the “Fault Line” sometimes misused as a political metaphor is that of the fault-plane cutting the land surface.)Now we have the hills, next we need rain-water that has absorbed atmospheric CO2 to create Carbonic Acid (weak but natural soda water in fact!). This permeates through all those joints, bedding-planes and faults; flowing very, very slowly under considerable pressure applied by its depth, from its sinks on the surface to its springs at the base of the formation. In doing so, it dissolves the limestone (chemical weathering), creating meshes of tiny micro-conduits that over many tens of thousands of years coalesce and capture each other to form cave passages.Once this happens, the rate of erosion can increase – though still to perhaps only a few millimetres per thousand years under generally temperate climates.A cave, or series within a cave system, that still carries its formative stream is called “Active”, and is still being developed.Surface changes such as the valley floor being lowered by erosion, or down-cutting within the cave by its stream, changes the water’s route and the original, now dried-out, stream-way is called “Fossil” or “Abandoned”. Such passages may be filled with silt left by floods as the main flow gradually abandons them; or may become richly decorated with Speleothems – calcite deposits such as stalactites and stalagmites precipitated from ground-water still oozing through the joints in the limestone above the cave. In time such passages may start to break down as there is no stream to dissolve away slabs falling from the roof as permeating ground-water attacks the rock above.In the end, surface lowering of the landscape as a whole, breaches and destroys the cave. Nothing is permanent in Nature!Caves in limestone are also parts of Karst Landscape. i.e. a landscape developed by the dissolution of limestone, giving surface features like Dolines, Limestone Pavement, and in the tropics, distinctive hills such as those represented in Chinese Willow-pattern images. ‘Karst’ is from the Slavic word ‘Kras’, the name for its world type-area.@@@@@The scientific study of caves is Speleology – embracing geology, hydrology, biology, archaeology and other disciplines.Simply visiting caves to enjoy them for their scenery and the physical and mental challenges they present, is called Caving, though you can’t study a cave unless you can negotiate its obstacles.
What Were The 5 Biggest Archaeological Discoveries Of The Last Decade?
Can you believe it’s been nine years since the last Indiana Jones film came out? As much as we might wish to forget Shia LaBeouf swinging from vines amidst a family of monkeys, the reality is that Harrison Ford’s scruffy-faced adventurer made archaeology cool for generations of young boys and girls. Now, a similarly exciting first look at the rebooted Tomb Raider franchise proves Alicia Vikander’s Lara Croft is set to become Jones’ worthy successor.Paramount Pictures (via Independent)But while the actual practice of excavating and restoring ancient artifacts may not be full of deranged Nazis and supernatural curses, for Dr. Deborah Gangloff, president and CEO of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center in southwestern Colorado, as well as vice president for outreach and education at the Archaeological Institute of America, it’s always been exciting.Looking toward the future, not just the pastGangloff is a New World archaeologist, which means her expertise is primarily in North America. For Gangloff, archaeology is not just about digging up the past, but looking toward the future.The staff of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center in 2015. Gangloff, pictured center, announced that she’ll from her post January, 2018. (Image via crowcanyon.org)“There are many reasons why archaeology is relevant today, and we need to do a better job of communicating those reasons to the public and decision makers,” she says. “Archaeological findings can give politicians, planners, and the general public a significant, deep-time perspective on key issues (changing environments, economic and demographic trends, etc.) and quite possibly point the way towards solutions for the future.”Gangloff (Image via Telluride Gallery of Fine Art)Since we last saw Indiana Jones raiding the Crystal Skull onscreen, there have been many exciting archaeological discoveries in the real world. Each one has pushed the field forward and taught us something about the past we didn’t know before. With that in mind, here are five of the most important discoveries made in the last decade:1. The Lovers of ValdaroWe’ve heard of “’Til death do us part,” but a 2007 discovery near Mantua, Italy, takes that concept to an entirely new level. Two skeletons from over 6,000 years ago were excavated, discovered in an embrace. Their legs were intertwined and their arms were wrapped around one another. Immediately, speculation about who these two people were and how they could have died ran rampant. It didn’t help that Mantua was where Shakespeare’s Romeo was exiled after killing Tybalt and where he learned of his darling Juliet’s death.The History BlogScholars are still divided on what may have happened to the lovers. Tests have concluded that the skeletons are definitely a woman and a man, between 18 and 20 years old. But, were they killed? Did they die holding each other on a frozen Italian night? Or were they placed in their intriguing position after their deaths? The world may never know, but it’s fun to speculate.2. The Nesting Pyramids of Chichén ItzáEven if you’ve never been to Chichén Itzá on Mexico’s Yucatán peninsula, chances are you’ve seen the iconic El Castillo pyramid in photos. Constructed between 950 and 1000 A.D., the ancient Mayan structure rises 100 feet into the sky and is 180 feet wide at its base. On each side, a set of 91 steps rise to the top. When added together with the one it takes to enter the structure, the total number of steps comes to 365—one calendar year.iStockWhat you might not know, however, is that El Castillo actually has two other pyramids inside it. The first has been known for awhile; it was discovered in the 1930s and is believed to have been built sometime between 850-900 A.D. But as recently as November 2016, scientists were still making discoveries at the site.Archaeologists used electrical resistivity to find a third, even smaller pyramid hidden within the first two. This one was constructed sometime between 600 and 800 A.D. As the oldest of the three, this third structure is thought to be more purely Mayan. Archaeologists believe it can reveal a lot about the beginnings of the settlement, as well as the Mayan’s earliest cultural influences.The Pyramid before excavation, 19th century (Image via Wikimedia Commons)This recent discovery will surely increase tourism to the Yucatán peninsula, which Gangloff says is a big benefit of the field. “[Archaeology]…helps increase visitation to cultural and historic sites that brings more people to tour archaeological sites, and that makes them more knowledgeable about what we do and helps support local economies through tourism,” she says.3. The Youngest Known MummyIn the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England, sits a small cedar coffin that was unearthed in 1907. The coffin dates back almost 2,500 years, from the Egyptian Late Period, between 664 and 525 B.C. Until last year, museum curators believed the coffin was too small to hold anything but the mummified organs of a deceased individual.The coffin is over 2,500 years old and only around 17 inches long, according to Realm of History (Image via Realm of History)That is, until a micro CT scan showed a much more interesting find: a mummified fetus, believed to be only 16-18 weeks old when it died from a probable miscarriage. This makes the fetus the youngest mummy ever found. The scan shows two hands with five fingers each, and the fetus’ arms are crossed over its chest. This remarkable find proves what recent advances in technology enables archaeologists to do.In a press release, Dr. Tom Turmezei, who collaborated with the museum on the find, said, “CT imaging has been used successfully by the museum for several projects in recent years, but this is our most successful find so far. The ability of CT to show the inner workings of such artefacts without causing any structural damage proved even more invaluable in this case, allowing us to review the foetus for abnormalities and attempt to age it as accurately as possible.”CT imaging revealed the fetus inside, which had gone undetected for nearly 100 years (Image via Realm of History)Julie Dawson, head of conservation at the Fitzwilliam Museum, added in a statement: “This ground-breaking find educates us further still in our conception of just how precious the unborn child was in Ancient Egyptian society. The care taken in the preparation of this burial clearly demonstrates the value placed on life even in the first weeks of its inception.”4. New Dead Sea ScrollsIt was the archaeological find of the century. Between 1946 and 1956, 11 caverns in the Qumran caves near the Dead Sea in Israel and Palestine yielded thousands of fragments of historically significant parchment paper stored in ancient, earthen jars. In early 2017, researchers found a twelfth cave.For more what they uncovered, and what it means to history, watch our video below.5. Greece’s Largest TombThe Hill of Kasta was almost discovered first in the 1970s, when an archaeologist speculated that the site, near the ancient Greek city of Amphipolis, hid a large tomb under the earth. His work took him elsewhere, and archaeologists were unable to revisit the site until four decades later. As expected, the tomb was waiting for them.PolarisThe tomb, the largest of its kind in Greece, dates from the 4th century B.C., is guarded by two large marble sphinxes, and contains three separate chambers.What’s more, archaeologists discovered the skeletons of five people: a woman over 60 years old, two males between 35 and 45, a newborn, and a third male whose age is difficult to determine. Initial reports that it was the tomb of Alexander the Great were later dismissed.EPAMore likely, the tomb belonged to a member of an ancient royal family or a wealthy citizen. Inscriptions within the tomb apparently link the tomb to that of Hephaestion, a nobleman and a general in Alexander’s army.The Accumulation of ResearchSo does Gangloff have a find she’s been a part of that excites her most? For her, it’s not about any one discovery, but the sum total of research that provides insight into the past.“It’s not the individual artifacts we find that are the most interesting, it’s the accumulation of research findings that help give us a more complete picture of a society of the past,” she says. “For instance, in the southwest of the US, we now have a better view of how people lived 700 years ago and when and why this area of the Four Corners was nearly totally abandoned in the late 13th century.”To the layperson, that may sound less interesting than cracking bullwhips and fighting off villains, but Gangloff doesn’t mind the way her field is portrayed in the media. In, fact, she says, it can do some good: “While I can’t speak for the entire profession, the popular cultural interpretations of archaeology and archaeologists, while they amuse professionals with their sensationalism, do result in an up-tick in interest in archaeology and in enrollment in college courses.”via GIPHYSo I guess Shia LaBeouf’s monkey swing isn’t all bad.by Matt Grant
How is a caverns formed?
In most cases, they form in limestone by the rock being dissolved away by rainwater acidified slightly by atmospheric carbon dioxide and acids from the topsoil. Once a conduit has been enlarged enough to take an appreciable stream, mechanical erosion of the stream bed may also occur; but dissolution is still the primary method.
Difference between macro and micro?
Macro is big micro is little
What is the difference between macro and micro neutrons?
macro is bigger than micro
Give the differences between micro and macro economics?
ten difference of micro economics macro economics
Difference between micro hardness and macro hardness test?
micro is on a small scale and macro on a larger scale
What is the Major difference between micro and macro ecomics according to McConnell?
Micro
What is the difference between a macro burst and a micro burst?
nuguu
Differences between micro environment and macro environment of an organization?
Uranus is the greenish blue planet and it is gaseous.
What is the difference between the prefixes macro and micro?
Macro refers to something large in scale, scope or capability; micro, is the opposite, and refers to something small
What is the difference between a macro a micro issue in economics for the Red Cross needs blood desperately?
the difference between a macro and a micro issue is that a macro issue is something that is a big issue and a micro issue is a small issue like a big issue is something that you need alot and a micro issue is something that you don't need alot.
What is the difference between micro and macro economist?
A micro economist studies the market and companies while a macro economist studies the economy on a national or international scale.
What is the difference between a macro and micro digital camera lens?
On SLRs, macro lenses are specially corrected for extreme close-up work. Nikon brand macro lenses bear the name 'Micro', so there is really not much difference.
What is the difference between a macro and micro influence?
Macro means large in scale, micro means small in scale. So macro influence means that something has a large influence, while micro (remember microscope) is something that has a small influence.
