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A mole is a number of atoms. Because atoms are very small, rather than counting individual atoms, it is easier to count a mole of atoms. A mole of atoms is a very large number of atoms: 6.02 x 1023 atoms.

Moles are often used to talk about amounts of chemicals. Because different elements weigh different amounts, using the weight of a chemical isn't always the best way to measure the number of atoms or molecules in a sample. Moles are commonly used in this way to talk about the concentration of a solution (for instance, the number of moles of dissolved substance per liter of solution is called molarity).

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