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There are two main ways.

The most common is dissolution of the rock, if that rock is soluble in water acidified by atmospheric carbon-dioxide primarily, and soil acids secondarily. Such rocks are limited to limestone and chalk, and gypsum; and the result is karst landscape and caves. Dolomite is also soluble but its physical structure mitigates against definite features forming.

The other way involves water circulating at great depth, temperature and pressureagainst hotigneous-rock intrusions. Then, it will hydrolise minerals from the (usually) granite and precipitate them as deposits in fissures in cooler rock, creatingveins and lodes of the minerals - often metal ores.

And of course, there's one so blindingly obvious I didn't think of it when I wrote the above: Springs! They are the outlets for groundwater when it has sunk through the ground from catchment to an impermeable rock.

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Q: How does groundwater create certain features?
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How does ground water create certain features?

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