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Most designs had an upper lens which provided the view on a focusing screen that was the same size as the film and a lower lens to focus the image. Vertically transported 2 1/4 (120) roll film was most common, but others used 620; some 127, and there was at least one that used 35mm film which moved horizontally. Both lenses racked in and out as you focused and the lower could be stopped down, but the upper remained fully open. Few designs provided interchangeable lenses, the Mamiya C series being an exception. Some 35mm designs placed the lenses side by side.

As with any camera design where the viewing and image systems are not one and the same, there is a degree of parallax. Some tripods built for TLR's had a means of raising the lower lens to the position of the upper before the picture was made in an effort to reduce parallax. Another disadvantage was that there was no way to preview depth of field as the viewing lens had no aperture. However, they were popular waist-level cameras (less intimidating to people who were subjects) and could synchronize with flash at any shutter speed because of the leaf shutters they used.

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Q: How does the twin-lens reflex camera work?
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