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The commonest arthropod structures for extracting oxygen from water would be gills, are protected inside a body cavity with ventral openings; rarely, simpler book gills are used (as in horseshoe crabs). Most crustaceans assist water movement across the gills with special structures called gill bailers. Smaller arthropods like copepods lack gills and absorb oxygen directly into their bodies. Some insects acquire oxygen using a gas diffusion method from a thin body air layer underwater (replenishing oxygen from water) and have the same structures as terrestrial insects, namely, spiracles, trachea, etc.

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