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Arthropods are characterized by segmented bodies, an exoskeleton made from chitin, and joint appendages. They also have an internal body cavity (hemocoel) and an open circulatory system which employs hemolymph, a fluid that does not distinguish between interstitial fluid like lymph and oxygen carrying fluid like blood. They use a copper-based oxygen carrier molecule instead of the iron-based hemoglobin, which floats unbound around in the hemolymph and is not bound to blood cell proteins. They do not have a dedicated and separate branch of their circulatory system just to oxygenate; internal organs (and cells) are simply bathed in this fluid. Their nervous system is 'ladder-like' on their ventral surface, and their brains formed from fused segment nerve ganglia, and around the esophagus.

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