It's called the Dip.
The earths magnetic field results from deep in the earths core. Magnetic conduction from within the earths core is believed to be the cause of this.
earths magnetic field is generated by the circulation of liquid metal.
Scientists believe that it is the movements in the liquid outer core that create the magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field affects the whole planet.
existed since the planet cooled
Convection of liquid metals in the outer core creates the Earth's magnetic field.
A compass is an instrument containing a freely suspended magnetic element which displays the direction of the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field at the point of observation.
None. (At least through high school...!) As an additional note, the correspondence of the magnetic field with the spin axis is not well linked, and many bodies have spin and magnetic axes very far apart.
No. Earth's magnetic field does not affect its axis of rotation.
Earth
Earths magnetic orientation is locked into the rock when the rock cools
The earths magnetic field results from deep in the earths core. Magnetic conduction from within the earths core is believed to be the cause of this.
map earth upside down
The Magnetosphere
earths magnetic field is generated by the circulation of liquid metal.
The convection that causes Earth's magnetic field happens in Earth's molten outer core.
This is known as magnetic reversal when earth's magnetic poles change places.
Imaginary line around Earth's axis is horizontal.